School of Technology and Social Sciences Research Collection

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A Critical Examination of the Peace and Security Strategies employed by Law Enforcement Agencies in Community Administration: The Case of the Zambia Police Service and the Drug Enforcement Commission in Ng’ombe and George Compounds in Lusaka, Zambia
(University of Lusaka, 2025) WAKUNGUMA, Namatama
This study investigated the strategies employed by law enforcement agencies, specifically the Zambia Police Service (ZPS) and Drug Enforcement Commission (DEC), in addressing peace and security challenges in Ng'ombe and George compounds in Lusaka. Utilizing the case study research design, the study engaged a sample of 50 participants, with 25 individuals from each compound, selected through purposive sampling. The research focused on assessing the current strategies utilized by ZPS and DEC, exploring the effectiveness of community administration strategies in fostering peace and security, and identifying the challenges and limitations encountered by law enforcement agencies in implementing these strategies. The findings revealed multifaceted approaches employed by law enforcement, encompassing community policing initiatives, patrol and response mechanisms, intelligence-gathering, and drug control operations. Community administration initiatives emphasized engagement, awareness, and partnership-building, contributing to enhanced safety perceptions among residents. However, the study identified challenges such as resource constraints, trust deficits between law enforcement and communities, persistent criminal activities, procedural hurdles, lack of community engagement, and underlying socioeconomic factors that hampered effective implementation. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need for tailored strategies, continued evaluation, community involvement, and resource allocation to improve security. The recommendations include strengthening community engagement, enhancing trust building measures, responsibly leveraging technology, adapting strategies to local contexts, allocating resources and training, continual evaluation, and promoting collaboration between community administration and law enforcement agencies. This study provides insights into the complexities of urban security and offers recommendations to enhance peace and security strategies in Ng'ombe and George compounds, contributing to safer and more resilient urban communities.
A Study of the Livelihood Vulnerabilities of Inland Small Scale Fishing Communities: A Case of the Kafue Bridge Fishing Camp
(2026) MUMBI, Benjamin Chama
This study examined the livelihood vulnerabilities of inland small-scale fishing communities, focusing on the Kafue Bridge Fishing Camp in Kafue Town, Zambia. A qualitative research approach was employed using a case study design. Data were collected from a sample of 100 respondents through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions involving fishers, fish traders, and household members within the fishing camp. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data, allowing for the identification of recurring patterns, experiences, and coping strategies. The findings revealed that fishing Human - Wildlife conflict face multiple and interconnected vulnerabilities, including declining fish stocks, climate variability, inadequate fishing assets, limited access to credit and markets, weak institutional support, and poor infrastructure. These challenges resulted in unstable incomes, food insecurity, and reliance on short-term coping strategies such as borrowing, overfishing, and livelihood diversification into low-return activities. The study further found that socio-economic characteristics such as education level, fishing experience, household size, and asset ownership significantly influenced households’ adaptive capacity. Women were particularly vulnerable due to limited access to productive assets and decision-making opportunities. The findings underscore the importance of integrating livelihood considerations into fisheries management and development planning. The study concludes that reducing livelihood vulnerability among inland small-scale fishing communities requires holistic interventions that combine sustainable fisheries management, livelihood diversification, access to credit, improved infrastructure, and inclusive institutional support. The study recommends strengthening community-based fisheries governance, improving access to livelihood assets, and enhancing social protection mechanisms. Future research is encouraged to adopt comparative and longitudinal approaches to further explore livelihood vulnerability dynamics across different inland fishing communities in Zambia.
An Analysis of Risk Sharing Mechanisms in PPP Projects in Zambia: A Case Study of Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage (Lwssd) Project
(2026) MULENGA, Martha Chilufya
Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) are widely used to finance and deliver large infrastructure projects, particularly in developing countries facing resource constraints. However, the success of such projects depends largely on how risks are allocated and managed among stakeholders. In Zambia, limited empirical evidence exists on how risk-sharing mechanisms influence the performance and sustainability of major urban infrastructure initiatives. This study examined risk-sharing mechanisms in the Lusaka Water Supply, Sanitation, and Drainage (LWSSD) Project to determine their effects on service delivery efficiency in water supply, operationalperformance and sustainability in sanitation, and the mitigation of construction and environmental risks in drainage infrastructure.The study adopted a quantitative research approach using a survey design. Data were collected from government officials, private sector partners, and community representatives through structured questionnaires containing closed-ended questions. Stratified random sampling was employed to ensure representation of the major stakeholder groups involved in or affected by the project. The findings revealed that risk-sharing mechanisms significantly influenced project performance across the three components. In the water supply sector, balanced allocation of operational responsibilities was associated with improved service delivery efficiency, although challenges such as maintenance constraints and limited institutional capacity persisted. In the sanitation component, unclear allocation of operation and maintenance responsibilities was associated with reduced system utilisation and threats to long-term sustainability. In thedrainage component, infrastructure investments contributed to reduced flooding risks, but insufficient coordination and undefined maintenance responsibilities posed risks to the durability of these benefits. The study concludes that effective risk-sharing arrangements are critical for enhancing the efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability of PPP infrastructure projects. The findings suggest that policymakers and project implementers should emphasise clarity in contractual obligations, alignment of risk allocation with stakeholder capacity, and strong institutional frameworks for monitoring and maintenance. The study recommends strengthening regulatory oversight, building technical capacity within implementing agencies, and improving stakeholder coordination to sustain project outcomes. Further research is recommended to examine long-term performance of PPP projects in Zambia and to conduct comparative quantitative analyses across infrastructure sectors. Keywords: Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs); risk-sharing mechanisms risk-sharing mechanisms; infrastructure performance; water supply; sanitation; drainage; service delivery efficiency; sustainability; Zambia
An Assessment of how water affects livelihoods: A Case Study of Chainda Compund, Lusaka, Zambia
(2026) LUNGU, Dalitso
This study assessed the adequacy of water supply and its impact on community livelihoods in Chainda Compound, Lusaka, Zambia. The research was prompted by the persistent water shortages and the increasing reliance on informal water sources in peri-urban settlements despite various infrastructure interventions. The primary objectives were to examine the reliability and accessibility of the existing water supply, evaluate the adequacy of available water sources in meeting household and livelihood needs, and assess how current water conditions influenced daily economic activities. Using a descriptive cross-sectional research design, the study employed a mixed-methods approach to gather data from 50 respondents, including household heads and key informants from the Lusaka Water Supply and Sanitation Company (LWSC). Findings revealed that water supply was critically inadequate and unreliable, with 50% of the respondents receiving water for less than two hours per day. This intermittency forced residents to prioritize basic survival over hygiene and economic tasks. Furthermore, the study established a significant "water-poverty" nexus, where 44% of residents experienced reduced business hours due to time spent fetching water, while 36% incurred high financial costs from purchasing water from private vendors at inflated prices. Qualitative data highlighted the disproportionate burden on women, who faced significant "time poverty" that hindered their participation in income-generating activities. The study concluded that the existing water infrastructure failed to meet the basic requirements of the Human Right to Water and Sanitation, thereby trapping residents in a cycle of economic vulnerability. Recommendations included the implementation of transparent rationing schedules by LWSC, the introduction of pro-poor water tariffs, and the investment in decentralized, solar-powered water systems to enhance community resilience. Ultimately, the study underscored that improving water reliability is a prerequisite for sustainable livelihood development in Lusaka’s informal settlements. Keywords: Water Adequacy, Community Livelihoods, Informal Settlements, Time Poverty, Lusaka, Zambia.
An Assessment Of Potential Negative Implications Of Transitioning To Solar Pv Energy On Solar Panels Waste Management At End Of Shelf Life In Lusaka
(University of Lusaka, 2025) MUTALE, Valentine Palangwa
The transition to solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is gaining traction as a sustainable solution to address energy challenges and reduce carbon emissions. However, as the adoption of solar PV energy expands, it is crucial to understand the implications of this transition on waste management practices for solar panels at the end of their shelf life. This research aimed to assess the potential impending negative implications of transitioning to solar PV energy on solar panels waste management at the end of their shelf life in Lusaka. The study adopted a sequential explanatory mixed methods approach and design, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Questionnaires and interviews were used to acquire data from experts in the field. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted to analyze the data and disclose the experts' input. The results indicate a moderate level of solar PV adoption (59%) influenced by various factors, including the political environment (78% agreement, mean=3.97, std=0.98), economic situation (90% agreement, mean=4.42, std=0.79), technological advancement (78% agreement, mean=4.03, std=0.96), and climate change (82% agreement, mean=4.24, std=0.92). The study found that there is a significant lack of awareness among the general public regarding the proper handling and disposal of end-of-life (EoL) solar PV panels, with 87% of respondents lacking this knowledge. Additionally, there is a shortage of waste management infrastructure and recycling facilities that are equipped to handle the disposal of solar panel waste, as reported by 59% of respondents. The investigation revealed a lack of legislation or recommendations for the management of PV waste which has led to uncontrolled transportation and monitoring of solar PV waste within Lusaka and the other provinces. These findings led to the development of a proposed Strategic Framework for the management of solar PV waste in Lusaka, Zambia.
An Assessment Of Radio Programmes In Promoting Good Governance: A Case Of Radio Ichengelo Listeners In Kitwe
(University of Lusaka, 2025) MANJIMELA, Kapulu
This research report explores the impact of radio programs on good governance, focusing on Radio Ichengelo's listeners in Kitwe. Emphasizing the role of good governance in sustainable development, the study highlights radio as a potent medium for disseminating information and fostering civic participation. The primary objective is to assess how Radio Ichengelo's governance programs influence understanding, perceptions, and engagement with good governance principles among Kitwe's listeners, contributing to the discourse on the media's role in promoting good governance. Research questions focus on evaluating how Radio Ichengelo's programs leverage citizen engagement, participation in governance processes, transparency, and accountability through accurate information dissemination. Using a cross-sectional approach and qualitative methods like interviews and focus group discussions, the research gathers insights from a diverse sample of Radio Ichengelo's audience in Kitwe. Qualitative analysis extracts nuanced perspectives, emphasizing citizen engagement, empowerment, transparency, and impact on behaviour. Findings highlight the positive impact of Radio Ichengelo's governance programs, educating citizens, raising awareness, and empowering them to hold the government accountable. Key themes include the alignment between program content and audience expectations on good governance, providing a comprehensive view of the impact. Translating findings into actionable insights, recommendations target media practitioners, policymakers, and development organizations. Suggestions include content diversification, interactive formats, and tailored strategies to meet Kitwe's unique needs. Proposed strategies involve regular interactive sessions, mechanisms for citizen input in community dialogues, targeted civic education programs, collaboration with local institutions, and featuring an active panel of discussants for credibility. Inconclusion, this research contributes to understanding radio programs' role in promoting good governance. Radio Ichengelo's positive impact on citizen engagement, awareness, and empowerment underscores radio's potential as a tool for fostering civic participation.
An Assessment of the Effect of E-procurement on the Performance of Non-Governmental Organisations in Zambia: A Case Study of Catholic Relief Services
(University of Lusaka, 2025) MUTALE, Sandra
This study assessed the impact of e-procurement on the performance of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Zambia, with Catholic Relief Services (CRS) as the case study. The study was guided by the following objectives: to examine the relationship between e-procurement adoption and operational efficiency, to evaluate its impact on transparency and accountability, to assess its effect on cost savings, and to identify implementation challenges and propose solutions. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. A structured questionnaire was distributed to 85 CRS employees directly involved in procurement activities, yielding 73 valid responses (85.9% response rate). Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants to complement the quantitative findings. The results indicated that e-procurement significantly improved operational efficiency, with reduced paperwork, streamlined processes, and shorter procurement cycle times. Enhanced transparency and accountability were observed, evidenced by better audit trails, compliance with policies, and improved stakeholder confidence. Cost savings were also significant, including reductions in administrative costs and procurement transaction costs. However, challenges such as infrastructure limitations, inadequate training, and supplier readiness impeded optimal performance. Recommendations were provided to various stakeholders, including investing in capacity-building programs, enhancing ICT infrastructure, and fostering collaboration among NGOs to share best practices. This study’s findings contribute to the discourse on technology adoption in NGOs, emphasizing the transformative potential of e-procurement in improving organizational performance. The study recommends further research across multiple NGOs to validate the generalisability of these findings and suggests longitudinal studies to assess the long term impacts of e-procurement adoption. Keywords: e-procurement, operational efficiency, transparency, cost savings, technology adoption, procurement challenges, organizational performance
An assessment of the effect of Zambia’s immigration policy on the welfare of immigrants from Rwanda: The case of Mtendere compound in Lusaka
(University of Lusaka, 2025) HANG’ANDU Peacent
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Zambia's immigration policy on the welfare of Rwandese immigrants, with a particular focus on those residing in the Mtendere residential area, Lusaka. Given Zambia's history of hosting refugees, including Rwandese individuals, it is essential to understand the socio-economic challenges these immigrants face in relation to immigration policies. The study sought to explore their socio-economic status, community integration, access to essential services, and the effectiveness of immigration policies in addressing these issues. The main objective of the study was to assess the effect of Zambia’s immigration policy on the welfare of Rwandese immigrants in Mtendere. Specific objectives included examining the demographic profile and socio-economic status of the immigrants, assessing their level of integration within the community, evaluating the influence of immigration policies on access to services like education and employment, and identifying the challenges they face as a result of these policies. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative data. A sample of 100 households was selected using stratified and purposive sampling from the target population of 1000 Rwandese immigrants in Mtendere. Data collection methods included face-to-face interviews, surveys, semi structured questionnaires, and focus group discussions. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data, while qualitative data was analyzed thematically to understand the lived experiences of the immigrants. The findings revealed that most Rwandese immigrants in Mtendere were young adults, many of whom worked in the informal sector, engaging in small businesses or casual labor. They faced several socio-economic challenges, including overcrowded living conditions and barriers to stable employment due to the non-recognition of foreign qualifications. While some had successfully integrated into the community many faced social isolation and limited participation in local activities The study identified several challenges linked to Zambia’s immigration policy, including delays in residence permits, limited access to essential services, and difficulty finding formal employment. These challenges were compounded by bureaucratic delays, discriminatory practices, and a lack of targeted support services. To improve the integration and welfare of Rwandese immigrants, the study recommended establishing community-based support centers offering multilingual assistance, legal aid, and vocational training programs. It also suggested streamlining and digitalizing immigration procedures, recognizing foreign qualifications, and promoting anti-discrimination measures. Furthermore, organizing community integration activities was recommended to reduce social isolation and foster mutual understanding between Rwandese immigrants and local Zambians. This research contributes to understanding the impact of immigration policy on the welfare of Rwandese immigrants and provides practical recommendations for improving their quality of life in Zambia. Key words: Immigration Policy, Rwandese Immigrants, Welfare, Community Integration
An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Small Scale Fish Farming in Improving Livelihoods of Small-Scale Farmers: A Case of Selected Households in Chinsali DistrictDISTRICT
(University of Lusaka, 2025) SABILA, Esther
Small-scale fish farming is an agriculture mechanism that helps to eradicate poverty among the poor especially in rural areas. The main objective of this study therefore was to assess the effectiveness of small-scale fish farming in improving the livelihoods of small-scale farmers in Chinsali District. The following were the research questions for the study: To what extent does small-scale fish farming improve employment provision in Chinsali District? To what level does small-scale fish farming lead to increased household income generation in Chinsali District? What is the contribution of small-scale fish farming in improving food security in Chinsali District? This investigation was accomplished through a mixed research approach involving both quantitative and qualitative methods. Questionnaires were prepared and administered to 55 small-scale farmers involved in fish farming in Chinsali District. In addition, data was obtained from four (4) government officers from the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock using semi-structured interviews in order to add expert views to the topic. The findings of the study were analysed using SPSS version 27 and thematic analysis. The results of the study showed that small-scale fish farming was making headways in improving the livelihoods of small-scale farmers in Chinsali District by making significant contributions to employment provision, income generation and food security. However, the results also showed that the benefits from small-scale fish farming were currently not adequate enough to fully improve the livelihood of small-scale farmers as the yields being attained from small-scale fish farming in the district were very minimal. Nevertheless, there is need for the Ministry of Fisheries and livestock to conduct rigorous national research on the impact of small-scale fish farming in Zambia. There is also need to provide training and funding to small scale fish farmers in Chinsali District in order to improve efficiency in fish production. In the long run, small-scale fish farming would significantly improve the livelihood of small-scale farmers in Zambia through employment provision, income generation and ensuring a sustained food security. Small-scale fish farming would also improve the image of the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MoFLS).
An Assessment of the Efficiency of the Government Backbone Unified System on Public Service Delivery: A Case Study of RTSA, Lusaka
(2026) SOKO, Margaret
The study examined the effects of the Government Backbone Unified System (BUS) on the public service delivery at the Road Transport and Safety Agency (RTSA) in Lusaka District. The specific objectives were to find out the extent to which the implementation of the Government Backbone Unified System (BUS) had improved operational efficiency at RTSA in Lusaka District, to identify the challenges faced by RTSA during the implementation of the Government Backbone Unified System (BUS) and the strategies used to address them and to determine the effects of the BUS system on customer satisfaction The study adopted a qualitative research approach, employing a descriptive and cross-sectional research design to capture participants’ experiences and perceptions at a single point in time. The study population comprised RTSA employees, RTSA customers, and key stakeholders involved in the planning, implementation, and oversight of the BUS system in Lusaka District. A total sample of 100 respondents was selected using purposive sampling, comprising 35 RTSA employees, 45 RTSA customers, and 20 key stakeholders. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews for employees and stakeholders, and structured questionnaires with open-ended components for customers. The use of multiple data collection tools enabled triangulation and enhanced the credibility of the findings. Data was analysed using thematic analysis, which involved coding, categorizing, and interpreting recurring patterns and themes related to service efficiency, system performance, user satisfaction, and implementation challenges. The findings revealed that the Government Backbone Unified System has significantly improved public service delivery at RTSA by enhancing operational efficiency, reducing service turnaround time, improving data accuracy, strengthening accountability, and facilitating inter-departmental coordination. The system streamlined previously fragmented and manual processes, resulting in faster and more transparent service provision. Stakeholders and employees reported improved workflow efficiency and better access to real-time information, while customers expressed increased satisfaction due to reduced waiting times and clearer service procedures. However, the study also identified key challenges affecting system effectiveness, including intermittent network connectivity, power outages, system downtime, limited staff training, and resistance to change during the initial stages of implementation. These challenges occasionally disrupted service delivery and undermined customer satisfaction. Based on the findings, the study recommends that RTSA invest in reliable ICT infrastructure, including backup power and stable network connectivity, to minimize system disruptions. Continuous capacity-building and refresher training programs should be implemented to enhance staff competence and reduce resistance to change. The study contributes to knowledge on digital governance and public sector reform by providing empirical evidence on the role of integrated government systems in enhancing public service delivery in developing country contexts. Key terms: Government Backbone Unified System, public service delivery, operational efficiency, digital governance, RTSA.
An Assessment of the Role of Civil Society Organisations in Promoting Peaceful Assembly in Lusaka District (2020–2025)
(2026) KUMWEMBE, Kathy Towela
This study assessed the role of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in promoting peaceful assembly in Lusaka District between 2020 and 2025. While Zambia’s Constitution guarantees the right to peaceful assembly, the practical exercise of this right has continued to face legal, political, and institutional challenges, particularly within urban contexts. The study therefore sought to examine the activities undertaken by CSOs, stakeholder perceptions of their contributions, and the challenges that affect their operations. Guided by Resource Mobilization Theory, the study adopted a case study design and employed a mixed-methods approach. Data were collected from twenty (20) purposively selected respondents comprising CSO representatives, government officials, and community members in Lusaka District. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews and document review, while analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The findings indicate that CSOs such as Chapter One Foundation, Caritas Zambia, SACCORD, and YALI play a supportive role in promoting peaceful assembly through civic education, legal advocacy, media engagement, and community training. Respondents reported that these activities have contributed to increased public awareness of peaceful assembly rights, enhanced citizen engagement, and improved dialogue between CSOs and state institutions. However, the study also found that CSO operations are constrained by restrictive legislation, particularly the Public Order Act, political interference, inadequate and unstable funding, and security-related concerns. The study concludes that CSOs contribute meaningfully to the promotion of peaceful assembly in Lusaka District, primarily through advocacy and facilitation, rather than through measurable policy or legal reform within the study period. The study recommends strengthened state civil society engagement, improved implementation of existing laws governing public assemblies, and enhanced resource mobilization for CSOs. These conclusions are drawn strictly from the evidence generated by the study.
An Engendered Examination of the Impact of Loadshedding on Local Small Medium Enterprises: A Case of Chongwe District
(University of Lusaka, 2025) MULENJE, Mwendalubi
Load shedding has emerged as a critical challenge affecting SME operations in Zambia, with potentially differentiated impacts based on gender. While studies have documented general effects of power outages on business operations, limited understanding exists of how these impacts vary between male and female-owned enterprises, particularly in peri-urban contexts like Chongwe District. This study examined gender-differentiated impacts of load shedding on SMEs, focusing on revenue changes, investment patterns, coping strategies, and implementation barriers. Following a pragmatic paradigm, the study employed a convergent mixed-methods design, combining quantitative data from 293 SME owners with qualitative insights from key informants at ZESCO, Ministry of SMEs, and Chongwe Municipal Council. The findings revealed substantial disparities in how gender influences business responses to load shedding, with female-owned businesses experiencing 45% higher revenue losses during outages and only 20.1% maintaining generator systems compared to 33.8% of male-owned enterprises. Analysis of operational patterns showed female entrepreneurs facing 40% higher operational costs during outages, while demonstrating greater reliance on schedule flexibility as an adaptation strategy. Investment analysis indicated that female business owners achieved 23% lower returns on power solution investments, primarily due to limited access to technical support and financial resources. Qualitative findings highlighted systematic barriers in accessing support mechanisms, with female entrepreneurs showing 35% lower utilization rates of available programs. The study recommends establishing gender-responsive financing mechanisms for power solutions, developing targeted technical support programs for female entrepreneurs, and creating mentorship networks to enhance knowledge sharing about effective mitigation strategies. Policy interventions should address structural barriers limiting female entrepreneurs' access to resources and support systems during power interruptions, while local authorities should implement gender-sensitive scheduling for power outages and create dedicated power-reliability zones in areas with high concentrations of female-owned businesses. Key Terms: Load Shedding, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Gender-differentiated Impact, Business Resilience, Power Mitigation Strategies
An Evaluation of Community Participation in Health Systems Strengthening: A Case of the Community Health Worker (CHW) Programme in Chongwe District
(2026) MBAYA, David Kanyanta
Community participation is widely recognised as a cornerstone of effective primary health care delivery, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where health systems often face resource constraints and limited reach. This study evaluated community participation in the planning, implementation, and governance of the Community Health Worker (CHW) programme in Chongwe District, Zambia, with a specific focus on a health-related software feature introduced to support service delivery. The target population comprised community residents, CHWs, and staff from the Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIRDZ), reflecting a diverse group of stakeholders directly engaged in or affected by the programme. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 40 respondents out of the current population which sits at above 300,000 people through questionnaires and focus group discussions, enabling both quantitative and qualitative insights into the nature and extent of participation. The findings revealed limited and largely tokenistic community involvement in the planning and prioritisation of the software feature. Specifically, 83% of community residents reported no participation in planning processes, highlighting a disconnect between policy commitments to participatory health governance and actual practice. While participation increased during implementation—73% of residents took part in testing—the quality of engagement was undermined by challenges such as language barriers, inadequate training, and increased workload for CHWs. Feedback and accountability mechanisms were weak, indirect, and non-transparent, contributing to low levels of ownership and trust among community members.
An Evaluation of Peace and Security Measures in Combating Human Trafficking: A Case of Ministry of Home Affairs and Internal Security in Zambia
(University of Lusaka, 2025) CHIRWA, Miriam
Human trafficking is a significant threat to the attainment of goals relating to sustainable development. This is because it promotes oppression and poverty of the trafficked, especially in a globalized world, with countries such as Zambia being noted to have become transit points for international traffickers in recent years. This study was conducted to evaluate the security and peace measures put in place to fight human trafficking by the Ministry of Home Affairs and Internal Security (MoHAIS) in Zambia. Specifically, the study looked at determining the challenges and weaknesses in the Ministry's current strategy being used to combat human trafficking, coordination between and among various government agencies and assessments of cooperation, other stake holders and NGOs working to inhibit human trafficking in Zambia, as well as making viable recommendations for policy and strategic changes to strengthen security and peace efforts to oppose human trafficking for the Ministry and its various key stakeholders. Based on Social Disorganization Theory (SDT), the research used an online survey which involved MoHAIS members of staff and those from other agencies that work in different areas to fight against the vice, as well as personnel such as human rights lawyers. A total of 53 respondents participated in the online survey, data was collected by document analysis of reports, press releases and other recent relevant publications (2019 to 2024) to attain the objectives of the study. Document analysis was done by involvement of 7 high quality documents case studies, specialized articles, reports and press releases to collaborate and enrich survey findings. Results of the research showed a need for sustainable financing, more collaborated efforts by both local and international partners, as well as creating clarity in supporting legislation. Amongst other recommendations, the study places emphasis on dedicated budget lines and training to enhance the already existing knowledge and skills of MoHAIS staff in AHT interventions, be implemented.
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Disability- Inclusive Social Protection in Zambia
(University of Lusaka, 2025) KAIRA, Kelly Mahara
Social protection policies have evolved to encompass a broader spectrum of the population, with a growing emphasis on inclusivity and accessibility for PWDs. Despite the presence of social protection policies in Zambia, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding their effectiveness in addressing the needs of PWDs. Key issues persist in terms of awareness, accessibility, implementation, and impact of these policies. As such the research objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of disability-inclusive social protection policies in Zambia. Specifically, the study sought to assess the awareness levels and accessibility of existing social protection programs among PWDs; examine the extent to which social protection policies address the unique needs and challenges faced by PWDs, and evaluate the impact of social protection policies on the economic empowerment and well-being of PWDs. The study employed the descriptive mixed-method research method as it aimed to describe and understand a phenomenon by combining qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods. Data collection was done by the use of structured questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions. The study sample size selected through stratified random sampling was 80. The results of the study were analyzed through Microsoft excel. The key findings of the study found that awareness of such programs remains a significant challenge, with information dissemination heavily reliant on government officials and community events, while media, NGOs, and personal networks play a lesser role. While Zambia's social protection policies demonstrate promise in advancing the economic empowerment and well-being of PWDs, critical gaps in awareness, access, tailored support, and responsiveness hinder their full effectiveness. The study concluded that while Zambia's social protection policies have potential, their effectiveness is significantly hindered by low awareness, limited accessibility, and insufficient alignment with the diverse needs of PWDs. The recommendation therefore was that the Government needs to intensify awareness campaigns, utilizing diverse dissemination channels, and redesigning benefit packages to reflect the specific needs of PWDs. Keywords: Disability inclusion, Awareness, Accessibility, Economic empowerment
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Disability-Inclusive Social Protection Policies in Zambia
(University of Lusaka, 2025) KAIRA, Kelly
Social protection policies have evolved to encompass a broader spectrum of the population, with a growing emphasis on inclusivity and accessibility for PWDs. Despite the presence of social protection policies in Zambia, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding their effectiveness in addressing the needs of PWDs. Key issues persist in terms of awareness, accessibility, implementation, and impact of these policies. As such the research objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of disability-inclusive social protection policies in Zambia. Specifically, the study sought to assess the awareness levels and accessibility of existing social protection programs among PWDs; examine the extent to which social protection policies address the unique needs and challenges faced by PWDs, and evaluate the impact of social protection policies on the economic empowerment and well-being of PWDs. The study employed the descriptive mixed-method research method as it aimed to describe and understand a phenomenon by combining qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods. Data collection was done by the use of structured questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions. The study sample size selected through stratified random sampling was 80. The results of the study were analyzed through Microsoft excel. The key findings of the study found that awareness of such programs remains a significant challenge, with information dissemination heavily reliant on government officials and community events, while media, NGOs, and personal networks play a lesser role. While Zambia's social protection policies demonstrate promise in advancing the economic empowerment and well-being of PWDs, critical gaps in awareness, access, tailored support, and responsiveness hinder their full effectiveness. The study concluded that while Zambia's social protection policies have potential, their effectiveness is significantly hindered by low awareness, limited accessibility, and insufficient alignment with the diverse needs of PWDs. The recommendation therefore was that the Government needs to intensify awareness campaigns, utilizing diverse dissemination channels, and redesigning benefit packages to reflect the specific needs of PWDs. Keywords: Disability inclusion, Awareness, Accessibility, Economic empowerment
An Examination of Municipal Services delivered to Low Cost Housing Areas: A Comparative Study of Mikomfwa Formal and Fisenge Informal Low Cost Housing Are in Luanshya Municipal Council
(University of Lusaka, 2025) PHIRI, Lucy
This comparative study examines the quality of municipal service delivery in Mikomfwa (formal) and Fisenge (informal) low-cost housing areas within Luanshya Municipal Council. The study aims to assess the types of municipal services provided, evaluate their adequacy, examine their accessibility, and determine residents’ satisfaction with these services in both areas. By comparing disparities in service delivery between formal and informal settlements, the study seeks to identify effective policy interventions that can enhance equitable urban governance and improve living conditions for residents in both contexts. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining both qualitative and quantitative research designs. The study adopted a descriptive and exploratory research design, using random sampling to select a representative sample of community members (respondents) and purposive sampling to select key informants, such as local authorities and community leaders with in-depth knowledge and experience. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview with both closed and open-ended questions allowing for a balanced analysis of both numerical trends and contextual insights. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was examined using thematic analysis. This combined approach enabled a comprehensive exploration of service delivery challenges in the study areas. The findings revealed significant disparities in municipal service provision between Mikomfwa and Fisenge. While formal settlements such as Mikomfwa receive relatively better services, including road maintenance, drainage systems, and emergency responses, informal settlements like Fisenge lack essential services such as waste management, consistent water supply, adequate drainage maintenance, and street lighting. The absence of structured service delivery mechanisms in Fisenge led to higher dissatisfaction among residents, as they face greater infrastructural and environmental challenges. The study further found that these disparities are exacerbated by systemic governance challenges, inequitable resource allocation, and a lack of community engagement in municipal decision-making processes. Residents in informal settlements reported limited consultation and participation in urban planning, which negatively impacts service provision and long-term infrastructure development. Based on the findings, the study recommends several policy interventions to improve service delivery in low-cost housing areas. These include formalizing informal settlements to facilitate structured service provision, ensuring equitable resource allocation, and strengthening community participation in urban governance. Furthermore, public-private partnerships should be leveraged to support government efforts in service provision, particularly in waste management and water supply. The study also highlights the importance of sustainable and inclusive governance models that prioritize marginalized communities.
An Interrogation of Former Ruling Parties' Declining Competitiveness after Power Loss in Munkulungwe Ward, Ndola: A Case of UNIP, MMD, PF
(University of Lusaka, 2025) KALENGA, Augustine
This study is aimed at interrogating the factors contributing to declining competitiveness of former ruling parties in their post power loss era, thereby contributing to strengthening good governance and democracy in Zambia as espoused by Chipenzi, (2019). The study seeks to achieve the following objectives: To identify the historical and contextual factors contributing to the initial rise of former ruling parties in Zambia, to analyse constituents' perception, preferences and primary reasons for shift of loyalty in Munkulungwe ward and finally to explore the leadership dynamics and internal wrangles and their impact on former ruling parties competitiveness . The study employed a mixed study approach for a comprehensive analysis as explained by George, (2023) and adopted a sequential explanatory design. Self-administered questionnaires; both structured and open ended were used to collect data. A special package for social sciences (SPSS) and thematic analysis using both deductive and inductive methods were used to analyse the data. The targeted study population was approximately 303 and a sample size of 61 subjects was arrived at using rule of thumb. Random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the subjects. The study revealed the existence of the problem in Munkulungwe ward of BwanaMkubwa constituency in Ndola district; that is declining competitiveness of former ruling parties after power loss. It further discovered that there are historical factors that contributed to the rise to fame of former political parties which have affected the political system in Zambia, (Chipenzi, 2019). Further the study found out that voters in Munkulungwe ward are influenced by many factors and that peoples’ vulnerability is attributed to failure of former ruling parties, causing shift of allegiance. In the study it has been brought out that the former ruling parties are affected by a number of leadership challenges such as factionalism, party dynamics (Kunda, (2017). The study therefore concludes that historical factors have largely affected the way the political system in Zambia operates and how the system is manipulated to disadvantage the opposition political parties largely due to constitutional powers of the executive. It further concludes peoples’ vulnerability causes shift of allegiance which diminishes former ruling parties’ competitiveness. The study equally concludes that as long as there is no change of leadership and party dynamics are primary reasons for loss of competitiveness of former ruling parties.
An Investigation into Poor Quality Access to Education amongst Community Schools: A Case of Matero Township
(2026) MWICHE, Chongo
Access to quality education remains a serious issue in Zambia's urban low-income neighborhoods, particularly in community schools that serve vulnerable people. This study investigated the poor-quality access to education amongst community schools in Matero Township, Lusaka. Generally, the research aimed to understand the levels of quality access to education amongst community schools. Specifically, it assessed three objectives; the impacts of inadequate teaching and learning materials, the outcomes of the shortage of qualified teachers, and the effects of insufficient school infrastructure on quality access to education. As a result of the nature the research the exploratory research design was used, and data was collected using a questionnaire and focus group discussion (FGD) was distributed to a sample size of 40 respondents, including teachers, members of staff, parents or guardians, and learners, using a purposive sampling approach. The findings suggests that a lack of appropriate teaching and learning materials, such as textbooks, desks, and instructional aides, has a detrimental impact on lesson delivery, learner participation, and academic success. Furthermore, a lack of qualified and trained teachers leads to ineffective teaching methodologies, minimal learner assistance, and poor learning outcomes. In addition, inadequate school facilities such as the overcrowded class room condition and unclean sanitation facility as well as unsafe learning environment among other characteristics seriously limit effective teaching and learning respectively. In conclusion, the study investigated poor quality access to education amongst community schools. According to the study's findings, Matero Township community schools face numerous obstacles that prevent learners from receiving a high-quality education. The results clearly demonstrate that the main factors adversely influencing the teaching-learning process are inadequate teaching and learning resources, a teacher shortage, and subpar school infrastructure. Absence of learning materials significantly hinders academic performance, and constant sharing of textbooks because of shortages limits learners' concentration and participation. The report also calls for higher government and stakeholders' support to provision of teaching/learning materials, teachers training/recruiting and school infrastructural development for promoting quality access to education in community schools. Key words: education, quality access, community schools, learners, infrastructure, learning and teaching materials.
An Investigation into the challenges faced by the Lusaka City Council in the provision of Sanitation Services at Soweto Market
(2026) KOLALA, Mutinta
Sanitation service delivery in high-density urban markets remains a major challenge for local authorities in Zambia, posing serious risks to public health, environmental safety, and economic activity. Despite the statutory mandate of the Lusaka City Council (LCC), sanitation conditions at Soweto Market one of the largest and busiest trading centres in Lusaka remain poor, with recurring outbreaks of waste accumulation, inadequate sanitation facilities, and blocked drainage systems. This study investigated the challenges faced by the Lusaka City Council in the provision of sanitation services at Soweto Market. The study was guided by three objectives: to examine the current state of sanitation services, to identify the institutional, financial, and infrastructural challenges affecting service delivery, and to assess the effectiveness of existing sanitation strategies while exploring possible interventions for improvement. A qualitative research design was employed, involving 72 participants selected through purposive and snowball sampling, including LCC officials, sanitation workers, traders, customers, market managers, and representatives of non-governmental organisations. Data were collected using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and non-participant observation, and analysed thematically. The findings revealed that sanitation services at Soweto Market are inadequate, characterised by irregular waste collection, insufficient and poorly maintained public toilets, and deteriorated drainage infrastructure. These challenges are largely attributed to institutional inefficiencies within the Council, inadequate funding, weak coordination mechanisms, and poor hygiene practices among some market users. The study concludes that improving sanitation at Soweto Market requires strengthened institutional coordination within LCC, sustainable financing mechanisms, and increased stakeholder engagement. The study recommends the adoption of participatory governance approaches, exploration of public–private partnerships, and targeted investment in critical sanitation infrastructure, particularly drainage systems and communal toilets. Keywords: Sanitation, Lusaka City Council, Soweto Market, Urban Governance, Public Health, Waste Management.