An assessment of the effect of Zambia’s immigration policy on the welfare of immigrants from Rwanda: The case of Mtendere compound in Lusaka

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Zambia's immigration policy on the welfare of Rwandese immigrants, with a particular focus on those residing in the Mtendere residential area, Lusaka. Given Zambia's history of hosting refugees, including Rwandese individuals, it is essential to understand the socio-economic challenges these immigrants face in relation to immigration policies. The study sought to explore their socio-economic status, community integration, access to essential services, and the effectiveness of immigration policies in addressing these issues. The main objective of the study was to assess the effect of Zambia’s immigration policy on the welfare of Rwandese immigrants in Mtendere. Specific objectives included examining the demographic profile and socio-economic status of the immigrants, assessing their level of integration within the community, evaluating the influence of immigration policies on access to services like education and employment, and identifying the challenges they face as a result of these policies. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative data. A sample of 100 households was selected using stratified and purposive sampling from the target population of 1000 Rwandese immigrants in Mtendere. Data collection methods included face-to-face interviews, surveys, semi structured questionnaires, and focus group discussions. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data, while qualitative data was analyzed thematically to understand the lived experiences of the immigrants. The findings revealed that most Rwandese immigrants in Mtendere were young adults, many of whom worked in the informal sector, engaging in small businesses or casual labor. They faced several socio-economic challenges, including overcrowded living conditions and barriers to stable employment due to the non-recognition of foreign qualifications. While some had successfully integrated into the community many faced social isolation and limited participation in local activities The study identified several challenges linked to Zambia’s immigration policy, including delays in residence permits, limited access to essential services, and difficulty finding formal employment. These challenges were compounded by bureaucratic delays, discriminatory practices, and a lack of targeted support services. To improve the integration and welfare of Rwandese immigrants, the study recommended establishing community-based support centers offering multilingual assistance, legal aid, and vocational training programs. It also suggested streamlining and digitalizing immigration procedures, recognizing foreign qualifications, and promoting anti-discrimination measures. Furthermore, organizing community integration activities was recommended to reduce social isolation and foster mutual understanding between Rwandese immigrants and local Zambians. This research contributes to understanding the impact of immigration policy on the welfare of Rwandese immigrants and provides practical recommendations for improving their quality of life in Zambia. Key words: Immigration Policy, Rwandese Immigrants, Welfare, Community Integration