SCHOOL OF BUSINESS

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A Comparative Analysis of the effects of Corporate Governance on Financial Performance of Private and Public Owned Companies: A Case of Selected Companies in Zambia (2019-2021)
(University of Lusaka, 2025) MWAPE, Edwin Mpundu
The objective of this research project is to compare the effects of corporate governance on the financial performance of publicly traded and privately held businesses. The following are this study's main goals: 1. To determine how board composition affects the financial performance of both private and public companies in Zambia; 2. To evaluate the connection between CEO duality and the financial performance of both private and public companies in Zambia; 3. To examine and compare the impact of independent committees on the financial performance of both private and public companies in Zambia; and 4. To look into the difference in average financial performance between private and public companies in Zambia. The study population consisted of all the 22 firms listed on the Lusaka Stock Exchange (LUSE). A sample size of 7 firms was chosen for this study utilizing random sampling techniques. A sample size of 165 individuals was chosen for this study utilizing both convenient sampling and purposive sampling techniques. Information reduction strategy was applied utilizing Microsoft Excel 2016 and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 to summarize the data. Descriptive statistics and statistical tests such as t-test, regression, and difference of two means were used in data analysis. The study unearthed a complex association between board size and financial performance across public and private sectors. Contrary to conventional beliefs, larger boards in private companies exhibited enhanced financial metrics. However, Public companies performance showed a gradual board size increase, diverging from anticipated trends. Surprisingly, CEO duality exhibited detrimental effects on financial performance in both public and private sectors, agreeing with existing assumptions. The study suggests a re-evaluation of the CEO's role in driving financial outcomes. The role of independent committees unveiled a stronger relationship with improved financial performance in public compared to the private sector, calling for tailored strategies based on ownership structures and industry regulations. Finally, significant disparities emerged in financial performance metrics between public and private entities, with public companies showcasing higher financial performance measures. In line with these findings, it has recommended that corporate Boards and Governance Committees tailor governance strategies considering sector-specific dynamics; conduct specialized training programs for stakeholder education; adapt regulations to ensure parity between public and private entities; foster forums for best practices sharing among enterprises. Key Words: Performance, Financial, board composition, board size, independent committee
A Comparative Study of the Impact of Different Leadership Styles on Organizational Performance: A Case of Infratel Zambia
(University of Lusaka, 2025) MWAANGA, Ethel Mutinta
This study focused on the comparative analysis of different leadership styles at Infratel Zambia. The study adopted a case study approach, collecting data from 74 randomly sampled participants out of a total population of 90 employees at Infratel Zambia. Employing a mixed-method approach, qualitative data underwent thematic analysis, while quantitative data was analysed using STATA (Version 14) with Microsoft Excel for generating descriptive statistics and tabulation tables. Data collection instruments included questionnaires for employees and interview guides for managers. This research aimed to explore the optimal leadership approach and style for maximizing organizational results in the Zambian setting, using Infratel Zambia as a case study. Relying on primary data from detailed interviews, questionnaire surveys, and a review of literature, the study uncovered a significant correlation between different leadership styles and organizational performance at Infratel Zambia. The findings emphasized the necessity for organizations to employ a mix of leadership styles rather than relying on a single approach to achieve robust performance. The study concluded that there was a significant link between different leadership styles on Infratel’s organisational performance. The general argument of this study revealed that an organization needed to consider a mixture of different leadership styles to achieve robust organisational performance, unlike the application of a single style of leadership. However, the study results would be added to the body of knowledge already available on the effectiveness of leadership and provide insight into real-world applications for improving organisational performance in related fields and situations. Finally, it is recommended to adopt a combination of leadership styles for optimal organizational performance. Key Words: Leadership Styles, Organisational Performance.
A Study of Determinants of Capital Market Liquidity in Zambia
(University of Lusaka, 2025) MANKISHI, Kisulo
The study aimed at establishing economic determinants of capital market liquidity in Zambia, to contribute to efforts towards increasing liquidity in the market. Capital markets are financial avenues through which long-term investment is secured for purposes of enhancing economic activity either in debt and or equity markets (SEC bulletin, 2017: 21). In this regard, capital (LuSE) market turnover is the liquidity of the market measured by the value of trade volume of equity against total equity issued (Ibid). It therefore follows that the study examined the relationship between capital market liquidity (LuSE turnover as a proxy) as the response variable and GDP growth rate, inflation, money supply (broad money) growth rate, average annual crude oil price per barrel and exchange rate against the US dollar as regressors. The research data sample was for 21 years from 2000 to 2021 for both the response and regressor variables. The research utilised the autoregressive distribution lag model (ARDL) to establish the state of the relationships between capital market liquidity and regressor variables because the data was differenced at order 0 and 1. Before running the ARDL model, the data was subjected to statistical tests of normal distribution, stationarity, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity. The bounds test was performed on the data to determine if the relationship between the regressors and the response variable were either short or long run. The outcomes of the statistical tests show that only a short-run relationship exists among the variables. The short run relationship ARDL statistical results interestingly show that only crude oil price per barrel and the exchange rate are statistically significant at 95% confidence interval to influence capital market liquidity outcomes. The results show that crude oil price per barrel is positively related to capital market liquidity by a coefficient of 34100000 whereas the exchange rate is negatively related to capital market liquidity by a coefficient of 1350000000. In this regard, a unit increase in crude oil price per barrel increases capital market liquidity by K34,100,000 whereas a unit depreciation of the Kwacha against the US dollar reduces capital market liquidity by K1,350,000,000. To increase liquidity or turnover in the Zambian capital market for purposes of increasing economic activity for job creation and population welfare improvement, the study recommends adoption of macroeconomic policies that would strengthen the Kwacha against the US dollar in the short run to prevent or reduce liquidity or turnover losses. It further recommends that the country establish and utilise regression models based on significant macroeconomic variables for forecasting capital market liquidity as a better means of forecasting and managing risks that may affect capital market turnover, and thereby securing investment and job creation to attain economic growth.
A study of the relationship between Demographic Transition and Economic Growth in Zambia
(University of Lusaka, 2025) SAKUHUKA, Martin N
The research delves into the intricate relationship between demographic transition variables and economic growth, employing a robust quantitative analysis spanning from 1981 to 2022. Utilizing the Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test and Auto Regressive Distributed Lag model, the study unveils the dynamic nature of these variables over time, offering significant insights into the complex interplay between demographic shifts and economic development. Focusing on critical factors such as GDP growth, working-age population dynamics, population growth, total fertility rate, and death rate, the research provides nuanced understanding of their relationships with economic trajectories. The long-run equation reveals that Death Rate (DR), Population Growth (PG), and Birth Rate (TFR) significantly influence GDP growth, with positive effects for all coefficients except Total Fertility Rate (TFR), which negatively impacts GDP. Interestingly, Working Age Population (WAP) is deemed statistically insignificant in the long run. In the short run, lagged GDP growth negatively influences current GDP, while Death Rate (DR) positively affects short-term GDP growth. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) negatively impacts short-term GDP, and Population Growth (PG) has an insignificant effect. The study's recommendations underscore the significance of human capital development, diversified economic strategies, and targeted family planning and health services for fostering sustainable economic growth in Zambia.
A Study on the Drivers of Financial Performance of Microfinance Institutions: A Case of Deposit-Taking Microfinance Institutions in Zambia
(University of Lusaka, 2025) SAKALA, Chawanzi
This research study sought to contribute to the body of existing literature by investigating what drives the financial performance of deposit-taking MFIs (DTMFIs) in Zambia. To accomplish this objective, a quantitative research approach and a longitudinal research design were adopted. Secondary data was based on financial ratios of five DTMFIs licensed by the BoZ, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, and a macroeconomic variable spanning from 2015 to 2022 with 40 observations in total. Financial performance (proxied by return on assets) was the dependent variable whereas institutional-specified drivers (proxied by capital adequacy and portfolio at risk), macroeconomic variables (proxied by the annual rate of inflation), and market-specified drivers (proxied by market concentration) were independent variables. To analyze the research data, descriptive statistics, correlations, and regression analysis were utilized. Research findings revealed that capital adequacy, portfolio at risk, and inflation are drivers of financial performance in DTMFIs in Zambia. Policymakers and DTMFIs are therefore recommended to ensure that credit personnel are at all times well-trained to assess risks more efficiently and that institutions are engaged in enhancing scenario-based planning to evaluate the probable influence of macroeconomic variables on financial performance. Key words: Deposit-taking Microfinance Institutions, Drivers, Financial Performance,Microcredit, Microfinance, Zambia.
Adequecy of Private Occupation Pension Schemes Benefits: A Case Study of Atlas COPCO Pension Trust Scheme
(University of Lusaka, 2025) NGUVULU, Maureen
As the global population ages, the importance of robust and effective pension schemes becomes increasingly pronounced, especially in developing economies like Zambia. The adequacy of pension systems is a crucial determinant of the financial security and wellbeing of retirees, influencing their quality of life during post-employment years. Against the backdrop of economic, demographic, and social changes, this dissertation comprehensively evaluated the adequacy of pension schemes in Zambia, in the case of one private company. The study aimed to afford an understanding of the current status of pension provisions in the country by assessing and evaluating the adequacy of benefits provided by private occupational pension schemes in Zambia in meeting the retirement needs of employees. A quantitative approach was adopted, considering the data recorded by the pension scheme since its inception, in which the adequacy of the pension system was assessed. The quantitative information was gathered from the membership data and analysed using a Spreadsheet Pension Fund valuation model in Microsoft Excel 2016, and a model was designed taking into account key pension adequacy indicators. According to global best practice, a target of income replacement rate of 65%-85% guarantees a decent standard of living to employees in retirement, especially in lowincome regions such as Southern Africa. The findings attained from the analysis of the expected replacement rates for the current scheme members based on the current contribution rates showed that the pension scheme provide low levels of benefits to the pensioners. However, increasing the contribution rates would result in the improved targeted retirement benefits from the Fund. A total contribution rate of 25% was required taking into account inflation, in order for the Pension Scheme alone to achieve the target benefits of 65% – 85% replacement rate. Keywords: Pension Scheme, Benefits, Income Replacement Rate
An Analysis of Effective External Communication Strategies that enhances Customer Satisfaction in the Banking Industry: A Case of Zambia National Commercial Bank, Lusaka, Zambia
(University of Lusaka, 2025) CHISULO, Jeyson
This thesis aimed to contribute to the understanding of effective external communication strategies employed by banks in the banking industry, with a focus on Zambia National Commercial Bank (Zanaco) in Lusaka, Zambia. The study utilised Communication Theory, Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) Theory, and Consumer Behavior Theory in the context of an under-researched Sub-Saharan country. The primary objective was to examine successful external communication strategies that enhance customer satisfaction in the banking sector. The methodology involved gathering primary data from 197 Zanaco customers based in Lusaka, Zambia. Regression analysis was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of Zanaco's external communication strategies on customer satisfaction in Lusaka Province. Recognising the critical role of customers as key external stakeholders, the thesis emphasises on the importance of effective communication in meeting customer requirements and sustaining the success of banks. According to Katz and Kahn (1978), communication is defined as "the exchange of information and the transmission of meaning," serving as a fundamental component of an organization's social structure. Effective communication, as outlined by Kotler et al. (2012), must achieve connection, offer rewards, motivate action, and remain in the mind. The thesis highlights that communication serves diverse purposes beyond merely informing clients about product attributes; it also influences how a bank presents itself to various interest groups and stakeholders, contributing to the establishment of a desired image and brand. The findings indicated that communication channels such as social media, billboard advertising, personal selling, and website presence used by Zambia National Bank significantly enhance customer satisfaction. Despite the notable expansion and diversification in Zambia's banking sector, particularly with Zanaco, the research underscores a gap in comprehensive studies specifically focusing on the effectiveness of external communication methods on customer satisfaction in the context of Zanaco Bank in Lusaka. While existing literature on banking communication methods exists, it is often broad and lacks the specificity needed to address the unique dynamics of Zanaco's client base. The research provides valuable insights for banks aiming to optimize their external communication strategies for enhanced customer satisfaction in the evolving landscape of the Zambian banking industry.
An Analysis of Project Management Practices in implementing Constituency Development Fund (Cdf) Projects: A Case Study of Selected Constituencies of Monze District
(University of Lusaka, 2025) WALUBITA, Martha
This study analyzed the project management practices in the implementation of Constituency Development Fund (CDF) projects in the selected constituencies within Monze District. The primary objective analyses project management practices used in the chosen constituency to implement CDF projects and determine how these practices relate to implementation challenges. The goal of the study was to address the gap existing in the literature by assessing the possible effects of present project management practices on CDF projects in the Monze District, as evidenced by the challenges and delays that locals in the area had described. The study used a descriptive survey research design, data was collected through a questionnaires and interviews and subsequently analysed using a mixed methods approach. Multiple regression analysis tested the hypotheses' significance, revealing that planning and budget, monitoring and evaluation, stakeholder engagement, procurement and contracting, and risk management significantly influenced CDF project implementation. The study established that there are existing challenges in project management practices during the implementation of CDF projects, such as poor prioritization of work, local contractors' engagement, a lack of monitoring tools, and work overlap. Among other things, the study recommended strengthening the capacity of local contractors through the Zambia Public Procurement Authority, increasing the number of employees at Monze Town Council through the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, and reorganizing the community development committee to incorporate ward development committees. These measures are intended to improve project management capabilities and deal with specific issues that were identified during the implementation of CDF projects. KEY WORDS: Constituency Development Fund, Project Management Practice
An Analysis of the effects of Cyber Threats on the Uptake of Digital Financial Services in Kitwe (Chisokone) - Zambia
(University of Lusaka, 2025) KAMANGA, Pythias
This study explores the impact of cyber threats on the adoption and usage of digital financial services in Kitwe (Chisokone), Zambia. Amidst the rapid digital transformation, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of the digital financial landscape, highlighting the availability and accessibility of various digital financial platforms, the nature and frequency of cyber-attacks, the perceived security of these platforms, and the effectiveness of regulatory protections for users. Employing a mixed-method approach, including surveys and literature review, the study gathers data from both users and providers of digital financial services. The findings reveal that while digital financial platforms are widely available and generally user-friendly, there is a significant prevalence of cyber-attacks, such as hacking and phishing, which raises concerns about the security measures in place. Moreover, the study uncovers a notable discrepancy between users' perception and the actual effectiveness of regulatory authorities in monitoring and safeguarding these platforms. The research concludes with the recommendation for enhanced security protocols, improved user education, and strengthened regulatory oversight to bolster the resilience and trustworthiness of digital financial services in Zambia. This study contributes to the understanding of digital finance in a developing economy context, offering insights for policymakers, financial service providers, and users to navigate the challenges posed by cyber threats effectively. Keywords: Cyber threats, user security, regulatory oversight, and financial technology (FinTech) in Kitwe, Zambia
An Analysis of the Impact of the Introduction of the National Health Insurance Management Authority on the revenues of Private Insurance Companies: A Case Study of Sanlam, ZSIC Life, Prudential And Madison Life Insurance Companies in Zambia
(2025) MUMBA, Precious Chitalu
The study aims to determine whether private insurance companies face opportunities and challenges, as well as to evaluate the effect of NHIMA on market share and financial revenues. The study incorporates a mixed-methods design, with quantitative financial ratio analysis serving as the primary study methodology. Four prominent private insurance providers were included in the study population on the basis of their market share, financial stability, and industry impact. The purposive sampling technique is utilized to concentrate on entities that are representative of major players in the health insurance market of Zambia. It is deemed adequate to conduct a comprehensive analysis using the sample size of four companies. A qualitative examination of pertinent literature and quantitative analysis of financial statements comprise the data collection process. The study reveals the intricacies of the private insurance industry, as well as the prospects and obstacles that lie ahead. The study findings offer insights into major insurance companies in Zambia. Sanlam and ZSIC show favourable utilization trends, while Prudential faces challenges in claims management. Madison experiences fluctuations, and the absence of 2021-2022 data for ZSIC and Madison limits understanding. Retention Ratios highlight strategic shifts, with Prudential's fluctuations needing detailed examination. Market share analysis reveals shifts, with Sanlam maintaining a leading position but redistribution among key players. These findings provide valuable insights into the dynamics of the Zambian insurance market, emphasizing the need for continued scrutiny and strategic adaptation within the industry. The importance of continuous study endeavours is highlighted in the conclusion, which also suggests giving priority to annual industry reports, conducting comprehensive evaluations of NHIMA's influence, and incorporating qualitative data. By addressing these limitations, a greater understanding of the dynamic private insurance landscape in Zambia can be achieved. The study highlights the adaptability of the industry in the face of regulatory shifts and volatile market conditions, underscoring the significance of making well-informed decisions to determine its course. Key Words: National Health Insurance Management Authority, Private insurance, Financial impact, Revenue
An Analysis on the Impact of FDI on Mining, Mining Taxation and Economic Growth on Mineral Depletion of the Extractive Industry in Zambia
(University of Lusaka, 2025) CHANDA, Martha Bwalya
As a country endowed with abundant mineral resources, Zambia's mining industry holds significant potential for driving economic development and fostering prosperity (Mbilima, 2021). However, the relationship between FDI inflows, taxation regimes, and overall economic growth in this sector needs a comprehensive analysis to understand their impact and implications. Therefore, this study examined trends of FDI, evaluating how these investments made an impact on mining taxation, and economic growth. This study used a quantitative research approach for data collection meaning that quantitative data was gathered which included historic data on mineral depletion, mining taxation, mining FDI and economic indicators such as GDP per capita. Further, the study utilized a descriptive research design to achieve its goals and adhere to the quantitative research methodology by employing econometric models to analyse the relationship between FDI, mining tax and economic growth. The study made use of E-Views statistical analysis package for the purpose of data analysis and opted to make use of a regression analysis, given the objectives of the study. Diagnostic tests were run to test for multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, model specification and goodness of fit of the model. The key variables included FDI inflows, effective tax rates, extractive industry outputs and GDP growth. The study found that in the short run taxation with a lag of one period had a negative effect on the mining sector, with the lack of an effect in the long run. FDI was found to have a statistically significant positive effect on the mining sector in the short run. However, in the long run FDI did not have a statistically significant effect on the mining sector. By comparing Zambia’s experience with other resource rich countries globally and in the African context, the research provides valuable insights concerning FDI in the extractive industry. By understanding these dynamics, policy makers can design effective strategies to enhance substantial mining practices, attract FDI and promote economic growth.
An Assessment into the effects of implementing Continous Improvement Practises in Production Logistics: A Case Study of the Internal Logistics System of Reagents at Kansanshi Mining PLC
(University of Lusaka, 2025) NDAIPENI, Ernest
This study assessed the effects of implementing continuous improvement (CI) practices in the internal logistics system of reagents at KMP. Using descriptive data analysis, the study explored the CI practices such as Root-Cause Analysis (RCA), Technology adoption, Training, Employee involvement, Feedback and Suggestion systems. With a population of 120 staff, a sample of 120 from the reagents section was picked entailing a census approach. Findings indicate “good” adoption of CI, particularly in root cause analysis with 61.8% of respondents indicating that Root-Cause analysis is frequently utilized, Training with 73.3% respondents indicating it is frequently utilized and technology use with 75.28% of respondents indicating frequent utilization of this practice. Employee involvement, feedback and suggestion is the least with 58.4%. The study established that CI is utilized but not to the fullest extent and that there is room for improvement. The study also established a positive relationship between CI practices and logistics efficiency, evidenced by a multiple regression analysis model explaining 81.45% of the variance in the dependent variable, efficiency. Safety, health, and environmental benchmarks also showed improvement post-CI with an improved grand mean value post CI implementation. The regression model showed a positive 93.13% explanatory power with a P-value of 0.001 indicating significance. Leadership commitment and employee involvement emerge as crucial for successful CI implementation. The study suggests integrating CI with performance evaluation schemes for all staff, establishment of CI/quality circles with a champion to lead the process. Establishing a dedicated CI section with mission to push the CI agenda across the firm is also recommended. Training also needs reinforcement. It is also recommended that there is increased focus on internal customer satisfaction within the company Keywords: Continuous Improvement, Logistics Management, Operational Efficiency, Employee Engagement, Customer Satisfaction, Lean, Total Quality Management, Agile, Emerging Economies, Safety, Health, Environment, Root Cause Analysis, Training, Feedback, Suggestion Systems, Leadership Commitment, Technology Utilization, Performance evaluation schemes, Technological Advancements
An Assessment of Innovative Customer Support Solutions as aid to increase Customer Satisfaction in the Public Pension Industry of Zambia: A Case Study of National Pension Scheme Authority (Napsa)
(University of Lusaka, 2025) HANSINGO, Mwansa
Amidst the evolving landscape of Zambia's public pension industry, this research delved into Innovative Customer Support Solutions (ICSS) within the National Pension Scheme Authority (NAPSA). The study assessed the relationship between innovative customer support solutions implemented at NAPSA and customer satisfaction. Also investigated were the challenges faced during the implementation and actionable recommendations for enhancement were formulated. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Quantitative data was gathered through a survey involving 206 respondents, while qualitative insights were derived from categorized challenges. Quantitative analysis included descriptive and correlation analyses. The study revealed significant positive correlations between specific ICSS components (eNAPSA, PRB system, WhatsApp, queue management system, and tollfree line) and customer satisfaction. The results align with service quality, expectancy confirmation theory, and innovation resistance theory. Notably, eNAPSA, the PRB system, WhatsApp, and the toll-free line showed a statistically significant positive correlation with customer satisfaction at the 0.01 level of significance, while the NAPSA live chat exhibited a statistically significant positive effect on customer satisfaction at the 5% level of significance. The study also found that eNAPSA was the most utilized ICSS (93.2%), showcasing its central role and dominance in NAPSA's customer service framework. Qualitative analysis of challenges identified recurrent themes, including functional issues, response time challenges, communication issues, and user experience impediments, which provided insights for targeted strategies to enhance system reliability, communication, and user experiences. Policy implications underscored the need for proactive measures in user training, system maintenance, and communication protocol optimization. Recommendations include continuous monitoring, iterative interface improvements, and diversified communication channels to cater to user preferences. Keywords: Innovative customer support solutions, customer satisfaction, National Pension Scheme Authority (NAPSA
An Assessment of the application of Artificial Intelligence to Bank REconciliation Systems at ADRA Zambia
(University of Lusaka, 2025) MWANZA, Simon John
The paper reports on the application and effects of AI in performing reconciliations on the bank reconciliation statements at ADRA Zambia, a non-profit organization. Traditional techniques employed in reconciling non-profit financial transactions have become, increasingly time-consuming and prone to errors as technology advances. The study sets out three major objectives: to assess the effect of AI on bank reconciliation processes for non-profit organizations, investigate the challenges faced in AI adoption, and examine strategies for smooth AI integration. The primary purpose is to determine how AI implementation can enhance the quality, efficiency, and credibility of account reconciliation in the banking sector for non-profit organizations. To capture the detailed effects of AI integration, the study adopts a mixed-method approach. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize data trends, regression analysis explores relationships between variables, and thematic analysis handles qualitative data, utilizing tools such as SPSS and Microsoft Excel. The conceptual framework incorporates theoretical models like the Diffusion of Innovation Theory, Technology Adoption Model, and Task-Technology Fit Theory to analyze factors affecting AI adoption and intervention. The paper also addresses challenges related to AI integration, such as reluctance to change organizational culture, lack of experience, and associated costs. Empirical analysis of ADRA Zambia reveals that the specificity and quality of bank reconciliation have improved with the use of AI tools. However, some challenges remain, including initial costs, staff training requirements, and system implementation. The findings suggest that effective AI integration into an organization’s financial activities requires involving key stakeholders, developing strategic approaches, and providing ongoing training to personnel. This study not only offers practical insights for organizations planning similar technology transformations but also contributes to the broader literature on technology use in nonprofit organizations. Future research should revisit the impact of AI on non-profit financial management and consider expanding the study to different non-profit contexts to validate the findings. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Bank Reconciliation, Non-Profit Organizations
An Assessment of the Challenges of Private Sector Involvement in the development of Renewable Energy Projects in Zambia
(University of Lusaka, 2025) MUBUYAETA, Misheck Mubita
Globally, the pursuit for the development of renewable energy projects has gained traction due to environmental concerns, energy security considerations, socio-economic requirements, shift in market dynamics and the need for sustainable energy sources. Like many countries in SubSahara Africa, Zambia faces energy challenges due to the limited-utilization of the renewable energy potential from solar, wind and hydropower. In recent years, the Zambian Government has made efforts to encourage and foster private sector development of renewable projects, however, the pace of renewable energy deployment still remains low, especially from the private sector. The objective of this research is to assess the challenges of private sector involvement in the development of renewable energy projects in Zambia. A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving a survey questionnaire administered to representatives from the private sector, government and non-governmental organisations involved in the development of renewable energy projects in Zambia. The questionnaire included closed-ended questions covering various facets of private sector involvement in the development of renewable energy, such as regulatory, financing, institutional and technical. The data collected underwent descriptive and inferential analysis to assess the relationship between the variables. The analysis of the results indicates a solid positive correlation among the independent variables (regulatory and legislative challenges, financial challenges, technical challenges, institutional challenges, and social and environmental challenges) with the dependent variable (development of renewable energy projects in Zambia). The study categorized the factors constraining private sector development of renewable energy projects in Zambia as: (i) regulatory and legislative challenges, (ii) financial challenges, (iii) technical challenges, (iv) institutional challenges, and (v) social and environmental challenges. The study found that the major financing challenges are high interest rates on loans and limited financing sources, while the major technical challenges were lack of expertise, inadequate infrastructure and insufficient training and capacity building, with the major institutional, policy and regulatory challenges being corruption and poor governance structures. To these challenges, the study recommended for sensitisation and public awareness on regulations and legislation, introduction of mechanisms such as tax incentives and streamlining the processes and setting up of efficient and effective governance structures. The study provides a valuable body of knowledge for future researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders seeking to enhance private sector participation in the development of renewable energy projects in Zambia.
An Assessment Of The Effect Of Employee Motivation On Employee Retention At University Of Lusaka
(University of Lusaka, 2022) MUCHINDU MASOWE
Employee maintenance has received much attention over the years in most organizations greatly due to the fact that when an organization preserves its workforce, it reserves its standards of operations as well. This study sought to assess the effect of motivation strategies at University of Lusaka on employee retention. The study specifically set aim at investigating the effect salaries, working environment, bonuses and awards and training play on employee retention. The research was descriptive. Researcher collected primary data from 60 employees from the University of Lusaka in Lusaka district using questionnaires. The respondents were selected using probability sampling method as it is efficient, quick and cost effective. Pearson’s Correlation and Regression analysis was used to analyze the data through the use of SPSS. The results established that motivation (salaries, working environment, bonuses and awards, and employee training) has a significant effect on employee retention in organizations. The author based on the findings recommend that the Company could provide more incentives to increase employee retention. The author also recommended that Organizational management should recognize employees' efforts in order to encourage them to improve; in addition, recognition can be accompanied by prizes and bonuses, such as best employee of the year or month, among other things. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by establishing that (salaries, working environment, bonuses and awards recognition, and employee training and development) has a significant strong positive effect on employee retention.
An Assessment of the Impact of Microfinance Loans on poverty reduction among farmers in Zambia: A Case of Chongwe District, Lusaka Province
(University of Lusaka, 2025) KABANSA, Joyce
This study aimed to assess the impact of microfinance institutions (MFIs) on poverty reduction among farmers in Chongwe District, Lusaka Province, Zambia. The research focused on four specific areas: the affordability of interest rates, the effect of loan repayment terms, the influence of loan requirements, and the extent to which MFIs offer tailored financial products for farmers. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey involving 120 farmers from Chongwe District. Quantitative methods were used to analyze the data, with key findings suggesting that while MFIs play a significant role in providing financial services to farmers, certain aspects, particularly high-interest rates and stringent loan requirements, impede their potential contribution to poverty reduction. The study concluded that for MFIs to be more effective in poverty alleviation, there needs to be a review of interest rates, repayment terms, and loan requirements, and a stronger emphasis on developing tailored financial products that meet the specific needs of farmers. The study recommends the development of farmer-focused financial products and regulatory policies aimed at making microfinance more affordable and accessible to farmers. Furthermore, the research highlights potential areas for further study, including the investigation of the socio-cultural factors influencing farmers' access to microfinance and an assessment of alternative models of microfinance delivery. Keywords: microfinance institutions, interest rates, repayment terms, and loan requirements
An assessment of the impact of the supplier and buyer relationship on production performance in an organisation: A Case Study of Ufudu Zambia Limited.
(University of Lusaka, 2025) KALUBA, Rhoda
This research endeavoured to evaluate the impact of the supplier and buyer relationship on production performance in an organization. This study’s main theoretical concept was the transaction cost theory, which stipulates that the optimal organizational structure is one that maximizes economic efficiency by minimizing exchange costs amongst business players. For buyer- supplier relationship to be sound, there is a need to ensure that there is clear and open communication which is very essential in fostering a strong supplier-buyer relationship, both parties should establish effective lines of communication and ensure that expectations and requirements are clearly communicated. Generally, organizations must endeavor to establish good relationship with business stakeholders and it is that relationship which will see many company objectives achieved. Descriptive research design composed of both qualitative and quantitative approaches was used. A sample size of 100 respondents, made up of Ufudu employees and suppliers was purposively selected, 50% of 200 approximated individual staff and suppliers all together was used. According to this survey, Ufudu was working with suppliers to foster innovation and ongoing development. However, some participants expressed dissatisfaction with the degree of cooperation being encouraged; arguing that more needed to be done by both Ufudu and suppliers to improve buyer-supplier relations. It was determined by some respondents that Ufudu faces difficulties in putting the buyer-supplier relationship concept into practice. They stated that problems occasionally arise that impact the goals, trust, and communication between Ufudu and suppliers, which in turn makes the concept difficult to implement and negatively impacts Ufudu’s production performance. It is therefore recommended that Ufudu must work around promoting quarterly relationship assessments and evaluations, and ensure to share experiences surrounding issues of delayed supply of raw materials to ensure that suppliers make an adjustment accordingly, address communication and ensure goals are shared and that every side recognize the goals influencing operations in a given company, this will help each stakeholder find a better way of playing their role without any delays and without affecting production performance of Ufudu.
An Assessment on the Effect of Motivation on Employee Performance in the Public Sector in Ndola, Zambia.
(University of Lusaka, 2023) CHONDOKA, Carol
The success or failure of a corporation hinges largely on its workforce, underscoring the pivotal role played by human resources in driving prosperity, productivity, and overall performance within an organisation. One could define motivation as the engine that propels someone to perform or behave a certain manner. The relationship between organisational personnel and management is described as poor, leading to potential demotivation among employees due to a lack of a socially appealing work environment. This can negatively affect their performance, as the organisation may not meet their needs for love, belongingness, and affiliation, ultimately impacting the effectiveness of the public sector. Employing a descriptive quantitative approach, the research utilized a probability design with simple random sampling to gather opinions from 150 public sector employees in Ndola's central business district. The collected data underwent analysis using SPSS version 27, primarily relying on primary data obtained through a well-structured questionnaire administered to respondents. The findings highlighted a significant correlation between factors such as remuneration, staff welfare, rewards, promotion, and employee performance. The study concluded that effective management efforts to motivate staff are crucial for enhancing their performance. It is therefore important for organisations to improve their staff welfare programs and effectively work on implementing mechanisms for gathering employee feedback. Organisations should work at optimizing the remuneration practices and perform a regular evaluation of the remuneration structures. Despite limitations associated with sample specificity and self-reported data, this research contributes to our comprehension of motivation's role and provides valuable insights for future studies in the realm of motivation and employee performance.
An Assessment on the effects of criteria used by SMEs in selecting suppliers of Grain Protectants on the Supply Chain: A Case Study of selected SMEs in Lusaka District.
(University of Lusaka, 2025) SIALUMBA, Mumba Chibuye
The study was conducted to assess the effect that the selection criteria of grain protectant suppliers have on the supply chain among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Lusaka district. A cross sectional mixed-method study design was used, and the census was used to pick all SMEs that deal with that type of business, 50 SMEs in total in Lusaka district that were visited. Data were obtained using two tools, a structured questionnaire, and interviews. The sample size was a census of all available 50 SME firms that deal in grain protectants, picking two participants from each. However, 45 participants were interviewed leaving out the 5 due to other non-response issues. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient Model was used to find relationships that exist between known variables. The model also gave a prediction of statistical significance between independent variables and the outcome variable, supply chain. This paper found that price or cost of supplier products, quality of supplier product, delivery on time aspect, inventory time and terms of service were factors that affect selection criteria which eventually have a bearing on the supply chain. These findings show a positive statistically significant relationship between the selection criteria and supply chain using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient at (r=0.575; P<0.05). This study aims to bring out what SME expectations are from suppliers at the same time guide suppliers what SMEs look for in this informal sector yet has a huge impact. However, it also recommends that in coming up with effective suppliers, a basic list criterion is ideal as it makes it easier to develop health relationships. Key words: Selection Criteria, Supply Chain, SMEs, Suppliers, Grain Protectants