Investigating Human (Host) factors associated with Susceptibility and Resistance to Plasmodium Falciparum Infection in Rufunsa District: A Case - Control Study

Abstract

Malaria is a significant public health burden in Zambia, with Rufunsa District being particularly affected. Understanding host factors influencing susceptibility and resistance to Plasmodium falciparum malaria is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. A total of 319 participants were included in the study. Malaria testing was done using first response Malaria RDT brands. Blood Grouping (ABO and Rh Typing) and Sickle SCAN test kit were used to screen for genetic traits. Host factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Logistic regression analysis were performed using Stata version 14. The study found that male participants were significantly more likely to test positive for malaria compared to females (aOR = 7.26; 95% CI: 2.77-19.03; p = 0.001). Malaria risk varied significantly by health facility, with participants from Chimusanya, Kanyongoloka, and Mpanshya having substantially higher odds of malaria. Prior malaria infection (aOR = 8.49; 95% CI: 3.07-23.50; p = 0.001) and inconsistent mosquito net use (aOR = 5.00; 95% CI: 1.46-17.09; p = 0.010) were also significantly associated with malaria susceptibility. The study highlights the need for strengthening malaria prevention strategies, including promoting consistent use of insecticide-treated nets and improving coverage of indoor residual spraying, particularly in high-transmission areas.