Undergraduate Research Reports & Masters Dissertations

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://research.unilus.ac.zm/handle/123456789/447

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    Assessing The Incidence And Risk Factors Of Postpartum Haemorrhage In Pregenant Women At Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) SEBIKIRI KEMO ONE
    Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality and an obstetric emergency that complicates 1-10% of all deliveries and require appropriate training for effective prevention, recognition and management. The aim of this study is to assess the incidence and risk factors of postpartum haemorrhage among pregnant women at Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching hospital. The main objective of the study was to determine the incidence of postpartum haemorrhage among patients delivering at Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital. This was a retrospective cohort study with a quantitative approach of 278 medical files. The data was analysed using SPSS version 26 and Microsoft excel and was presented in the form of frequency tables, bar charts, pie charts and histograms. The findings from an analysis of 203 medical records, revealed that 13.8% (28 cases) developed PPH. The majority of affected women were under 30 (82.2%), particularly those aged 25 to 29 (53.6%). Most PPH patients were Gravida 3 (39.3%) and Para 2 (35.7%). PPH primarily occurred at term (35.7%) and at 37 weeks of gestation (21.4%), with most deliveries being spontaneous vaginal births (89.3%). Prolonged labor emerged as the main clinical risk factor, affecting 35.7% of cases. The outcome was generally positive, with 92.9% of women discharged and only 7.1% resulting in death. Regression analysis indicated that age (p = 0.002) and gestational age (p < 0.001) were significant predictors of PPH, highlighting that younger and preterm patients are at greater risk.
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    Evaluating The Level Of Adherence To Safe Motherhood Practices Among Women Receiving Antenatal Care At Mtendere Clinic.
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) Kabwela Mildred
    This study aimed at evaluating the level of adherence to safe motherhood practices among women attending antenatal care at Mtendere Clinic. By exploring factors that influence adherence, including knowledge, socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare services, this research wished to identify gaps in current practices and suggest interventions to enhance maternal and neonatal health outcomes. This study employed a cross section descriptive design for the assessment of the level of adherence to safe motherhood practices among women attending antenatal care at a specific point in time and the study will rely on the qualitative more than quantitative aspect to collect and analyze data. The study found that while awareness of safe motherhood practices was relatively high, actual adherence is limited and inconsistent. Key barriers to adherence include long waiting times, financial challenges, cultural beliefs, and inadequate family or spousal support. The findings emphasize the need for a multifaceted approach to improve adherence, one that combines health education, healthcare system strengthening, social support mechanisms, and culturally sensitive practices to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes.
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    Assessing The Efficacy Of Modern Medicine Compared To Herbal Medicine In Treating Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients At Levy Mwanawasa Hospital
    (University of Lusaka, 2024) MURAMBIWA MELISSA
    Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a growing public health concern in Zambia, with many patients turning to both modern and herbal treatments for management. Understanding the comparative effectiveness, adherence, and safety of these options is essential for improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to compare the efficacy, adherence, and side-effect profiles of modern and herbal medicines in managing T2DM at Levy Mwanawasa Hospital. A mixed-methods cross-sectional study was conducted among 50 T2DM patients, 30 using modern medicine and 20 using herbal remedies. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests (t-tests and chi-square). Qualitative data were obtained via open-ended questions and thematically analyzed. Modern medicine users reported significantly higher perceived effectiveness (mean score: 4.1) compared to herbal users (mean score: 2.9; p < 0.001). Adherence was also higher in the modern group (75%) than in the herbal group (40%; p = 0.018). However, the modern group experienced a higher frequency of side effects (50% vs 20%; p = 0.024). Qualitative findings revealed that cultural beliefs, cost, and perceived natural safety influenced herbal use, while modern medicine was favored for its reliability and clinical support. Modern medicine appears more effective and better adhered to in managing T2DM, though it is associated with more side effects. Herbal remedies are perceived as safer but less effective and inconsistently used. A culturally sensitive, integrative approach combining biomedical care with validated traditional practices may enhance diabetes management in Zambia.
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    Prevalence And Related Factors Of Burnout Among Healthcare Practitioners At Livingstone Central Hospital In Livingstone, Zambia
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) PHIRI EVELYN ESELINA
    Burnout among healthcare practitioners is a critical issue affecting both the workforce and the quality of patient care. It is characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a reduced sense of personal accomplishment, leading to decreased job satisfaction and increased turnover rates. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and related factors of burnout among healthcare practitioners at Livingstone Central Hospital in Zambia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 69 healthcare practitioners at Livingstone Central Hospital. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used to measure burnout across three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal achievement. Socio-demographic and work-related factors were also collected. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were employed to examine the relationships between these factors and burnout. the study revealed a mean score of 18.2 (±10.4) for emotional exhaustion, with 16% of respondents reporting extreme fatigue. The mean score for depersonalization was 9.8 (±9.6), and the mean score for personal achievement was 39.5 (±7.8), with a majority (60.9%) reporting low levels. Age, marital status, religion, department, and work experience were significantly associated with depersonalization (p < 0.05). Similarly, these factors, along with education and profession, were significantly associated with personal achievement (p < 0.05). The regression analysis indicated that overall comfort and functionality (β = -11.248, p < 0.001) and the decision-making process (β = -7.471, p = 0.007) had significant negative effects on burnout, explaining approximately 44.5% of the variance (R² = 0.445). Additionally, organizational support for professional growth and skill development (β = -5.826, p = 0.025) was the only organizational factor with a significant negative effect on burnout, accounting for 46.1% of the variance (R² = 0.461). The findings suggest that burnout is prevalent among healthcare practitioners at Livingstone Central Hospital, with significant associations between socio-demographic factors, work-related factors, and burnout. Improving overall comfort and functionality, enhancing decision-making processes, and providing organizational support for professional growth could be effective strategies to mitigate burnout. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions and policies to support the well-being of healthcare workers and, consequently, improve the quality of patient care. The need for future research remains to solidify and expand understanding on burnout.
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    Assessment Of First Aid Knowledge And Skills Among Medical Students At The University Of Lusaka
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) MUCHIMA NANCY
    First aid is a critical skill that all medical professionals must possess to respond effectively in emergency situations. Despite its importance, gaps in practical proficiency and long-term retention of first aid knowledge among medical students have been observed in many contexts, including Zambia. The study assessed the first aid knowledge and skills among medical students at the University of Lusaka. This study employed a cross-sectional descriptive design and targeted medical students enrolled in the MBChB program at the University of Lusaka. A stratified random sampling method was used to ensure representation from all academic years. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods with the aid of SPSS software. Findings revealed that most students demonstrated strong theoretical knowledge, with 98.8% correctly identifying the purpose of first aid and 93.3% accurately reporting the primary survey sequence. However, practical exposure was limited—only 31.7% had administered first aid, and just 27.4% had practiced using simulation tools. Confidence in key procedures such as CPR was low, with 48.8% reporting they were not confident. Students overwhelmingly preferred hands-on learning (93.3%) and cited lack of practice and training equipment as barriers to skill retention. There was also strong support (92.7%) for peer-led clubs and integration of first aid into the core curriculum. All objectives of the study were successfully achieved, providing a clear picture of current knowledge levels, practical gaps, and actionable areas for improving first aid training among medical students at the University of Lusaka.
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    Assessing Infection Control Practices Among Health Care Workers At Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital: A Knowledge, Attitudes And Practice Study
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) KHOTA AMMAARAH
    This study investigates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding infection prevention and control (IPC) among healthcare workers at Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital. The primary aim was to evaluate how these dimensions interact and influence IPC compliance, with a specific focus on role-based differences and structural barriers. A cross-sectional design was employed, involving 30 healthcare workers across various roles. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed high knowledge levels (M = 2.90/3) and positive attitudes (M = 1.70/2), yet practice scores were more varied (M = 3.00/5). Notably, attitude significantly correlated with practice (r = .35, p = .047), while knowledge did not. Practice scores differed significantly by job role (F(3,26) = 5.67, p = .004), with nurses exhibiting the highest compliance. Structural barriers such as lack of resources (53%) and high patient loads (30%) emerged as critical deterrents to IPC adherence. These results underscore the importance of targeted, role-specific interventions that go beyond knowledge dissemination. Enhancing attitudes, improving resource availability, and implementing structured monitoring systems are recommended to strengthen IPC adherence and safeguard patient safety.
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    Assessing The Impact Of Interdepartmental Communication On Patient Mortality At Levy Mwanawasa Teaching Hospital
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) Lubemba Lupando Bupe
    Effective communication between hospital departments plays a critical role in patient safety and care outcomes. At Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital, gaps in interdepartmental communication may be contributing to preventable patient mortality. This study draws on Systems Theory, Social Exchange Theory, and Human Error Theory to explore how communication failures within hospital systems affect patient outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of interdepartmental communication on patient mortality and to identify communication-related challenges and potential solutions within the hospital setting. A qualitative research design was employed, using open-ended survey questions distributed to healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, and technicians. The responses were analyzed thematically to identify recurring issues and insights regarding communication practices and their influence on patient outcomes. The analysis revealed recurring challenges such as inadequate communication tools, delayed departmental responses, lack of structured training, and poor coordination during emergencies. Participants emphasized the need for regular interdepartmental meetings, reliable communication devices, and a work culture that encourages staff to voice concerns about patient safety. Although the study did not quantify the relationship between communication and mortality, the qualitative evidence indicates a strong association between poor communication and preventable patient deaths. The study recommends implementing structured communication frameworks like SBAR, investing in modern communication technologies, and enhancing staff training. These measures are essential for improving interdepartmental communication and ultimately reducing patient mortality.
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    Stroke: Understanding Prevalence And Risk Factors At Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital (LMUTH)
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) SIKASOTE TEZA KAMPHASA
    A stroke is a potentially fatal condition that occurs when there is insufficient blood flow to a portion of the brain. The most prevalent causes of this are cerebral haemorrhage or an obstructed artery. The brain cells in that region, particularly those distal to the site of injury, begin to die from a lack of oxygen if there isn't a constant flow of blood and this could result in significant disability or even death. Stroke poses a serious public health concern, especially in areas like Zambia with scant epidemiological data. This research assessed the prevalence and risk factors of stroke in patients at Lusaka's Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital (LMUTH). A Cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2024 to March 2025 at Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. By purposeful sampling, all adult stroke patients admitted to the stroke, male and female medical wards between 1st October 2024 and 31st March 2025 were sampled. Data were collected from the medical records using a structured questionnaire and were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22. Descriptive statistics were employed to report the findings. Validity was ensured through pre-testing and expert review, and reliability was ensured through standardized training and data checking. Ethical approval was obtained from all research committees that were relevant. 137 stroke patients in all were included. The average age was 57.3 years, and 53.3% of the population was female. The most frequently reported condition was hypertension, which was followed by diabetes or concomitant HIV. Fewer patients had family histories of chronic diseases and stroke. While risk factors for lifestyle, such as alcohol consumption (38.7%) and smoking (17.5%), were noted, the documentation was frequently lacking. The history of diet and level of physical activity was not recorded for all but a few. Among stroke patients, sudden weakness or numbness was the most prevalent clinical sign. The study also revealed a 58.5% increase in incident initial stroke cases in the last 13 years, particularly in the last two years, likely due to worsening risk factors like hypertension and diabetes. This trend aligns with global trends, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Imaging was used in 73.7% of cases and was equally effective in identifying haemorrhagic and ischaemic strokes across classified outcomes. The two biggest modifiable hazards were poor adherence to medication that was prescribed (27%) and undiagnosed HIV or hypertension prior to having a stroke (7.3%). The results of this investigation validate the multiple causes of stroke and the critical role that both modifiable and non-modifiable factors play. The most common causes of stroke in this patient population were poorly managed hypertension and lifestyle risks (such as smoking and alcoholism). An increasing trend in stroke incidence and Systemic obstacles to diagnostic and preventative care delivery are also shown by the results. In the absence of prompt imaging tests, sufficient documentation, and systematic follow-up, the results will be negative.
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    The use of insecticide-treated nets as part of the National Malaria Eradication Programme in Northwestern Province
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) SIAMULAMBE, Chipo
    In Zambia, malaria remains a major public health threat. Understanding what influences the use of mosquito nets is important to speed up malaria prevention efforts in the country. The use of Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) has been proven to be effective in the prevention of malaria. ITN use is the intended health behaviour to have the greatest impact on the malaria burden, however, it is important to establish what factors affect the use of mosquito nets. To assess the use of Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) as part of the National Malaria Eradication Program (NMEP) in selected parts of the North-Western province. This study, which was retrospective and non-experimental in nature was set in the NorthWestern province of Zambia, focusing on men and women aged 15-49 years. It used secondary data from the 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS), for 960 respondents (i.e., 296 women and 664 men). Survey participants were identified through a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling design during the 2018 ZDHS survey. Further, data analysis was done at three levels, namely univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis levels. At multivariate level, binary logistic regression was used to investigate the magnitude of the influence the various factors in the outcome variable. Results showed that there was no association between education level (p-value = 0.212), age of the household head (p-value = 0.547), sex of the household head (p-value = 0.206), marital status (p-value = 0.162) and residence (p-value = 0.889) and use of a mosquito net. However, a positive significant association was observed between wealth index (p-value = 0.007), spraying of a dwelling against mosquitoes in the last 12 months before the survey (p-value = 0.000), the number of mosquito nets owned (p-value = 0.000) and the number of children under a mosquito net previous night (pvalue = 0.000) with use of a mosquito net. The study concludes that a lot still needs to be done if the fight against malaria is to be won. Ownership of a mosquito net does not necessarily translate into the use as not everyone who owned mosquito nets used them. This suggests that mosquito net distribution is not sufficient and should be accompanied by vigorous sensitization and health education on the importance of mosquito net use.
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    Utilisation of traditional medicines among pregnant women in Chilanga: A case study of Nakachenje Mini Hospital in Chilanga District, Lusaka Province.
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) CHISANGA, Mitrain
    The use of traditional medicines during pregnancy and childbirth is widespread and has been documented in many countries. Traditional medical practices have been passed down through generations and are deeply in cultural beliefs and traditions. The study explores the utilization of traditional medicines among pregnant women in Chilanga: A case study of Nakachenje Mini Hospital. This study is qualitative research driven by a grounded theory design. The population was restricted to key informants in health, and pregnant women attending antenatal services at Nakachenje Mini Hospital in Chilanga District of Lusaka Province in Zambia. The method of data collection used were semi-structured interviews with Twelve (12) pregnant women, Two (2) Focus Group Discussions with pregnant women (9 and 10 participants respectively), and Two (2) Key informant interviews. The data were thematically analyzed. A total of Thirty-three (33) participants which included thirty-one (31) women of reproductive age eighteen years and above and Two (2) key informants who were midwives from the hospital were recruited and interviewed. Three main themes emerged from the interviews: (1) Knowledge and Attitude of traditional medicine use during pregnancy; (i) Perceived benefits, (ii) perceived risks and (iii) Cultural practices and beliefs (2) Types of commonly used herbs (i) Traditional medicine for labor inducing and quickening, (ii) Traditional medicine to prevent complications due to the partner being sexually unfaithful, (iii) Traditional medicine to helping with morning sickness and (iv)Traditional medicine to boost blood in pregnancy and (3) Communication between pregnant women and healthcare providers (i) Non-disclosure of traditional medicine use by pregnant women. As seen from the study, many pregnant women prefer to use traditional medicines during their pregnancy for the perceived benefits and cultural beliefs. Despite this, all the key informants in the study still felt that herbal medicines may have more adverse effects on both the mother and the baby as compared to conventional medicines. The use of traditional medicines among pregnant women brings about serious encounters for health professionals, as most herbs are not made aware of if taken or not by pregnant women. Key words: Utilization, Traditional medicines, herbs, Pregnant women, Chilanga