Undergraduate Research Reports & Masters Dissertations

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://research.unilus.ac.zm/handle/123456789/447

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    An Assessment of risk factors associated with Preeclampsia among Antenatal Clients at Ndola Teaching Hospital
    (University of Lusaka, 2026) MISAPA, Chomba
    Pre-eclampsia is a major hypertensive disorder in pregnancy and among the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in sub-Sahara Africa. However, evidence on the burden and associated risk factors especially in tertiary level hospitals in Zambia remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with preeclampsia among antenatal clients at Ndola Teaching Hospital for the period January 2023 to December 2024. This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted at Ndola Teaching Hospital (NTH) by utilizing 440 maternity records from January, 2023 to December 2024. Data on social demographic characteristics, obstetric history, and clinical factors were extracted using a data extraction tool. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participants characteristics and estimate the prevalence of pre-eclampsia. Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistics regression analysis to identify factors associated with pre-eclampsia. Model fit was assessed using Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test and variance inflation factor (VIF) analysis was conducted to determine multicollinearity. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The prevalence of pre-eclampsia was 14.1% among the reviewed records. Factors associated with pre-eclampsia included maternal age less than 20 (AOR 2.7, CI 1.02 - 3.87, p = 0.04), maternal age more than 35 (AOR 2.9, CI 1.05 - 4.74, p = 0.03), previous history of preeclampsia (AOR 3.2, CI 1.57 - 6.56, p < 0.001), multiple pregnancy (AOR 2.4, CI 1.03 - 5.74, p value = 0.04), obesity (AOR 2.87, CI 1.48 - 5.56, p value < 0.001), chronic hypertension (AOR 4.1, CI 2.02 - 8.23, p value <0.001), and history of diabetes mellitus (AOR 2.6, CI 1.06 - 6.45, p value = 0.03). Socio-demographic factors such as education, residence, and HIV status were not associated with pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia remains a burden at Ndola Teaching Hospital with a relatively high prevalence with identifiable maternal and clinical risk factors. Pre-eclampsia, obstetric factors, maternal factors, clinical factors, antenatal care
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    Clinical characteristics and survival analysis of aplastic anaemia patients at the University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka
    (2026) MILIMO, Joseph
    The current study aimed at assessing the characteristics of patients with aplastic anaemia and determining survival rates and predictors of survival for patients diagnosed with aplastic anaemia at the University Teaching Hospitals (UTH), Lusaka, Zambia. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at UTH, Lusaka, Zambia. The included cases were patients diagnosed with aplastic anaemia from 2014 to 2023. Data was collected through review of patients’ medical records. Kaplan-Meier plots were used in the analysis of time-to-event data for estimation of survival probabilities. The log-rank test was utilized to make comparisons between survival curves. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze risk factors for survival. Data analysis was done using R version 4.3.2. A total of 126 cases were included, 96 paediatric cases and 30 adult cases, from 2014 to 2023. For paediatric patients, 52.08%(n=50) were females while for adult patients, 73.33% (n =22) were male. The median age at diagnosis was 11 years (IQR =12) and 22.5 years (IQR = 36) in paediatrics and adults, respectively. The most common cause of aplastic anaemia was unknown in both paediatrics and adults. Most of the participants had NSAA followed by SAA and VSAA in both groups. The mortality rate was 21.88% and 46.67% in paediatrics and adults, respectively. The median survival time from diagnosis was found to be 65 months in the paediatric cases. The 1-year survival rate was found to be at 43% and 53% in paediatrics and adults, respectively. The study did not find any factors to be independent predictors of survival among paediatrics patients with aplastic anaemia in both groups. Analysis of all the patients revealed a slight male predominance, a median age of 12 years and a median survival time of 65 months. The study reports a mortality rate and a 1-year survival rate of 27.78% and 42%, respectively. The study found that being a paediatric conferred superior survival while (HR = 0.33, 95%CI 0.17 – 0.66, p =0.002) and presenting with bleeding was an independent predictor of inferior survival (HR = 2.90, 95% CI 1.25 – 6.71, p = 0.013). Paediatric aplastic anaemia patients have better survival and haemorrhage remains a major predictor for mortality. An improvement in the management of adult aplastic anaemia patients in needed. Prevention, early identification and treatment of bleeding is needed. Availability, accessibility and affordability of treatment are recommended. Key words: Aplastic anaemia, Survival analysis, Immunosuppressive therapy, pancytopaenia, Zambia
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    Multilevel Analysis of Challenges in Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Tuberculosis at Facility and Patient Levels in Lusaka Province, Zambia
    (2026) KALUBA, Julius
    Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health challenge globally, with children disproportionately affected due to diagnostic and treatment complexities. In Zambia, pediatric TB continues to be underdiagnosed and undertreated, particularly in high-burden settings such as Lusaka Province. This study investigated the challenges affecting the diagnosis and treatment outcomes of pediatric tuberculosis at both patient and facility levels using a multilevel analytical approach. A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted using secondary data extracted from tuberculosis registers in 20 health facilities across Lusaka Province. The study included 700 children aged 0–14 years who received TB treatment between January 2023 and December 2024. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient and facility characteristics, while inferential analyses, including chi-square tests, logistic regression, and ordinal logistic regression, were performed. Multilevel modeling was explored to account for the hierarchical structure of patients nested within facilities. Overall, 75.0% of children successfully completed treatment, while 15.3% defaulted and 9.7% died. Male children and younger age groups exhibited slightly poorer treatment outcomes. Facility-level clustering was minimal, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.6%, indicating that most variation in treatment outcomes was attributable to patient-level factors rather than differences between facilities. A likelihood ratio test confirmed that single-level ordinal logistic regression was sufficient for analysis, although multilevel modeling was retained for robustness. All model assumptions were satisfied. The findings demonstrate that pediatric TB treatment outcomes in Lusaka Province are primarily driven by patient-level characteristics, including age, sex, and HIV status, while facility-level factors play a supportive but less decisive role. These results underscore the need for patient-centered, multi-level interventions that strengthen caregiver support, improve adherence, and complement existing health system investments. The study contributes methodologically by applying multilevel analysis and provides evidence to inform policy, program design, and future pediatric TB research in Zambia. Keywords: Pediatric Tuberculosis, Treatment Outcomes, Multilevel Analysis, Patient-Level Factors, Facility-Level Factors.
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    Specimen Referral System - Related Factors associated with Laboratory TB Case Detection: A Cross - Sectional Study
    (2026) CHIMBUMBYA, Robertson
    Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health concern globally. To effectively fight and control TB, enabling timely access to rapid diagnostic tools is key for the detection of bacteriologically confirmed TB. A weak TB diagnostic network could lead to an increased number of undiagnosed TB cases due to limited access to improved rapid diagnostic tools. To determine the association between sample referral factors and the detection of bacteriologically confirmed TB cases. The researcher used an analytical cross-sectional design to evaluate the impact of specimen referral system factors on TB case detection in routine healthcare settings. The data on bacteriologically confirmed TB cases and number of presumptive TB were collected from the facility-based presumptive register from January to December 2024. The electronically generated questionnaire was used to capture information on factors such as availability of the refrigerator, type of facility, type of rider, frequency of sample pickup, distance between referring site and the diagnostic. The adjusted multivariable negative binomial regression was fitted to determine the association of outcome and predictors. The adjusted negative binomial regression revealed that frequency of sample picks up (p = 0.048) and number of samples submitted (p <0.0001) were highly associated with case detection. Other variables such as presence of the refrigerator, trained rider, type of rider, facility attendance and presumptive TB clients that submitted samples were not associated with TB case detection. This study was conducted to determine the association of bacteriologically confirmed TB and referral related factors. It has been noted that frequency of sample pickup and number of samples submitted had an impact on case detection. These findings suggest that investment specimen referral logistics may remarkably improve TB detection in the health facilities. Keywords: Specimen Referral, System-Related Factors, Tuberculosis Case Detection
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    Evaluation of the Implementation of Sanitation and Hygiene Programmes in Mwense District, Zambia
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) NYIRONGO, Albert
    Before and few years after Zambia got its independence in 1964, the sanitation crisis became more evident, this reviewed most of the people having lowly paid jobs and in eventuality led to low standards of living because of high illiterate levels. This resulted into a lot of adverse health effects such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery and typhoid fever, mostly affecting children under the age of five years consequently leading to high mortality (WHO,2022. This study evaluated the implementation of sanitation and hygiene programs in mwense district, Zambia, were a mixed approach method was used which included both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study population was 772 people with a sample size of 58 household from both kampamba and mwenso village. A purposive sampling technique was in the study because not all the local people in the study area that did not have toilets. The research objectives included the following; to find out the households with improved sanitation and hygiene practices in Mwense District, to assess the effectiveness of existing sanitation and hygiene programs in Mwense District, to identify challenges faced during the implementation of the programs and recommend potential solutions for improvement in Mwense District. The findings provided critical insights for refining sanitation and hygiene strategies in Mwense District as the results showed that (42) 93.3% of the respondents had access to a sanitation facility while 2 (6.7%) did not have. The other findings showed that 15 (34.1%) said the programs were very effective in improving sanitation and hygiene inthe communities while 16 (36.4%) respondent that the programs are ineffective, 11 (25%) responded that the programs are neutral and 2 (4.5%) said the programs are ineffective. Lastly, the major challenge was inadequate funding and it was recommended that funding must be increased for sanitation and hygiene programs. Keywords: Sanitation, Hygiene Programs, Implementation, Evaluation, Public Health, Waterborne Diseases, Community Participation, Sustainability.
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    Investigating the Environmental Impact of the Sustainable Livestock Infrastructure Management Project (SLIMP) on Land Resources in Muchinga, Northern and Eastern Provinces
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) MBAMBARA, Zengani
    The study assessed the environmental impact of the Sustainable Livestock Infrastructure Management Project (SLIMP) on land resources in Muchinga, Northern, and Eastern Provinces of Zambia. The primary objectives were to: assess the impact of SLIMP activities on soil health and fertility; evaluate the extent of land degradation resulting from SLIMP infrastructure; and examine the effect of SLIMP on vegetation cover and plant biodiversity. A mixed-methods research approach was adopted, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data. The research employed an exploratory and experimental design, with a sample of 285 livestock farmers selected through stratified and purposive sampling. Data was collected using soil sample analysis and vegetation samples, questionnaires, key informant interviews, and direct observations. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS, with statistical methods including descriptive statistics and findings presented in frequency tables, while qualitative data was analyzed through thematic analysis. Findings revealed that 65% of respondents reported improvements in soil health and fertility, attributed to SLIMP’s soil management practices. However, 18% raised concerns about soil compaction due to heavy machinery. Regarding land degradation, 72% reported minimal impact, although 28% in areas near infrastructure development observed significant soil erosion, with an average erosion severity score of 3.8/5. In terms of vegetation cover, 50% of respondents noted positive effects, while 38% reported a decline in plant biodiversity, especially due to overgrazing. The study concluded that SLIMP had a generally positive impact on soil health and vegetation, although challenges such as soil compaction, erosion, and biodiversity loss persisted. Recommendations included: enhancing grazing management practices, strengthening land restoration efforts, and increasing training for local farmers to sustain and amplify SLIMP’s positive environmental outcomes.
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    Assessing Sustainable Practices in Managing Mineral Processing Residues: An Analysis at Mopani Copper Mines, Mufulira District
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) MAMBO, Namasiku Yvonne
    Environmental sustainability is a crucial concern in the mining industry, particularly in Zambia, where mining plays a significant role in the national economy. This study examines the sustainability of mineral processing water disposal at Mopani Copper Mines, focusing on four key environmental practices: pollution prevention techniques, resource efficiency practices, ecosystem protection measures, and waste minimization strategies. The study aims to determine how these practices influence sustainable water disposal and contribute to minimizing the environmental impact of mining activities. A quantitative research approach was adopted, utilizing a structured questionnaire to collect data from 120 respondents working at Mopani Copper Mines. The analysis involved descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression modeling to assess the relationship between environmental practices and sustainable water disposal. The findings revealed that resource efficiency practices and ecosystem protection measures had the most significant impact on sustainable water disposal, while pollution prevention techniques and waste minimization strategies also played a role but with less pronounced effects. The study concludes that improving resource efficiency and ecosystem protection initiatives is critical in achieving sustainable mineral processing water disposal. It recommends increased investment in advanced water recycling technologies, enhanced pollution monitoring systems, and stricter enforcement of waste management policies. Future research should explore the long-term effectiveness of these environmental practices and examine their broader impact across the Zambian mining sector. Keywords: Environmental Sustainability, Mining, Water Disposal, Resource Efficiency, Pollution Prevention, Waste Management, Ecosystem Protection
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    Optimization of Patient Flow at the Outpatient Department ofUniversity Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) MUYUNDA, Mubita
    This study investigates the factors contributing to inefficiencies in patient flow at the Outpatient Department (OPD) of University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka, Zambia, aiming to propose solutions to optimize service delivery. Tertiary healthcare facilities like UTH face significant challenges such as long waiting times, overcrowded waiting areas, and inefficient triage systems contributing to delayed care and increased strain on resources. Despite the critical importance of efficient patient flow for quality healthcare delivery, little has been done to optimize this process in Zambia. This research aims to fill this knowledge gap by exploring the specific challenges faced at UTH's OPD. The objectives aim at investigating factors contributing to patient flow inefficiencies and developing recommendations for improvement capturing the perspectives of healthcare providers and patients. The research uses a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative methods such as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with quantitative data from surveys and observations aiming for a comprehensive understanding of patient flow dynamics. The study's population consists of 50 healthcare providers and 1,000 patients from UTH’s OPD, with a calculated sample size of 322 participants. Data collection involves surveys, interviews, focus groups, and documentary analysis. The study revealed inefficiencies that included bottlenecks identified at registration, consultation, and pharmacy stages. Long waiting times, averaging 30-60 minute sat registration and over an hour at the pharmacy were found. Patient satisfaction was low, with 75.1% expressing dissatisfaction with the registration process. Healthcare providers highlighted staffing shortages and poor coordination as challenges. Recommendations: Increase staffing levels, implement technology-driven solutions, and improve resource allocation. Engage healthcare workers as key stakeholders in these undertakings so as to enhance healthcare service delivery in hospitals. Keywords: Optimisation; Patient Flow, Outpatient Department, University Teaching Hospital, Bottlenecks, Waiting Time, Efficiency.
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    Assessing the Effectiveness of Waste Management Units Garbage Collection Systems in Kabwata Constituency,in Lusaka City, Zambia
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) CHONGO, Chisomo
    Globally, effective waste management is a cornerstone of sustainable urban development, mitigating public health risks and minimizing environmental degradation. However, many cities, especially in low- and middle-income countries, face persistent challenges in achieving efficient garbage collection systems. Effective waste management systems are critical for ensuring urban cleanliness, public health, and environmental sustainability. This study employs a structured qualitative case study design to assess the effectiveness of waste management units in delivering garbage collection services in Kabwata Constituency, Lusaka City, Zambia. The research focuses on evaluating operational efficiency, community satisfaction, environmental sustainability, and compliance with national waste management regulations. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, direct field observations, document reviews, and thematic analysis of responses from residents. The findings reveal systemic inefficiencies within waste management units. Operational challenges include irregular garbage collection, reported by 60% of respondents, and limited service coverage, with under 75% of households availed services. Community dissatisfaction with inconsistent collection schedules and the lack of environmentally sustainable practices were prominent concerns. Additionally, the study highlights inconsistent adherence to national waste management policies, particularly in low-income areas. The study concludes that while waste management units fulfill a vital role, their effectiveness is hindered by logistical and structural barriers. Recommendations include enhancing operational capacity through investment in equipment, expanding service coverage to underserved areas, and promoting sustainable practices in waste management operations. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the systemic challenges faced by urban waste management units and offers actionable recommendations to policymakers and stakeholders aiming to enhance service delivery and environmental outcomes in similar urban contexts. Key Phrases: Effective waste management, Garbage collection systems, Operational efficiency, Environmental sustainability, Community satisfaction, Policy enforcement.
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    Assessment of Factors Associated with Climate Change Adapatation by Farmers in Kawambwa District
    (University of Lusaka, 2025) MUSHINGE, Micheal
    Climate change is a big challenge for farmers everywhere, especially in tropical regionslike Africa. It is evident that climate change is adversely affecting agriculture, and it has become the new norm and caused by human activities. Climate change is especially challenging in Africa, with aspects such as weak policies, limited technology, poverty, severe weather events, and economic hardship making the continent particularly susceptible. This study was conducted to assess climate change adaptation among small-holder farmers in Kawambwa District. This study employed a mixed-methods approach. The study used multistage sampling technique. In the first stage, 3 agricultural camps were selected purposively from 29 camps. Then 301 farmers were randomly selected from 3 agricultural camps. The study targeted small-holder farmers within Kawambwa District. A structured questionnaire and semi-structured interview guide were used for data collection. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS to execute descriptive statistics and regression analysis on factors associated with adaptation strategies. Thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data to identify patterns and themes that emerged from the interviews. The study established awareness of climate change and various adaptation strategies among farmers in Kawambwa District which included crop diversification (70%), use of improved seeds (18.39%), conservation agriculture (3.99%) and irrigation (9.9%). Finance (p=0.01), access to climate information (p=0.04), experience (p=0.02) and institutional support (p=0.08) were identified as vital enabling factors of adaptation. Financial, institutional, and infrastructural constraints limit farmers’ ability to implement climate change adaptation strategies. Specific interventions, like extension services, infrastructure and financial resources need to be put in place to improve resilience of farmers against climate related shocks. Keywords: Climate Change, Adaptation, Climate Change Adaptation Practices, Smallholder Farmer, Vulnerability and Agricultural Extension