Querying the Legal Basis for and the Enforcement of Economic Blockades in Armed Conflicts and its Impact on Civilian Population

Abstract

This dissertation explored the legal basis and enforcement of economic blockades in armed conflicts and their impact on civilian populations. It examined whether such measures are compatible with the United Nations Charter, Customary international law and the Geneva Conventions, questioning the extent to which they can be justified as lawful acts of war. The study evaluated the fine balance between legitimate military objectives and unlawful collective punishment, while considering the principles of proportionality, distinction and humanity. It also assessed the effectiveness of enforcement mechanisms, particularly the role of the United Nations and international judicial bodies. Through case studies such as Gaza and Yemen, this research highlighted the severe humanitarian consequences of economic blockades, including deprivation and widespread civilian suffering. The findings demonstrated that international legal instruments are often ineffective without adequate implementation and accountability mechanisms.