The Impact of Sustainable Livelihood Community Projects Implemented by African Parks in Protected Areas: A Case Study of Liuwa Plain National Park in Zambia

Abstract

This study explored the impacts of sustainable livelihood projects on biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and human-wildlife coexistence in Liuwa Plain National Park. The research was guided by three key objectives: to evaluate the contribution of sustainable livelihood projects to biodiversity conservation and protected area management, to assess their impact on ecosystem services and ecological integrity, and to examine their effects on human-wildlife coexistence and conflict resolution. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. The study involved a sample size of 360 respondents, including community members, local leaders, and conservation practitioners. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires, while qualitative insights were derived from interviews. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used to interpret the quantitative data, while thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative narratives. The findings revealed that sustainable livelihood projects significantly contributed to biodiversity conservation through ecotourism development and sustainable agriculture programs, fostering community participation and reducing unsustainable practices. Ecosystem services, including soil quality and water resources, were improved, and ecological resilience was enhanced. Conflict mitigation strategies, such as compensation schemes and education on wildlife behavior, promoted tolerance and coexistence between humans and wildlife. However, challenges such as accessibility to project resources and equitable participation were noted. Recommendations include strengthening equitable resource allocation policies, expanding training programs to remote communities, and enhancing conflict mitigation mechanisms. Policymakers, conservation organizations, and funding agencies are urged to prioritize inclusive and scalable initiatives that balance socio-economic development with conservation goals. Keywords: Sustainable livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, human-wildlife coexistence.