Assessing Factors Affecting Supply Chain Performance of Tracer Drugs in Public Health Facilities in Zambia: A Case of Lusaka

Abstract

This study uses a mixed-methods approach to investigate the factors influencing the supply chain performance of tracer drugs in public health facilities in Lusaka, Zambia. Quantitative data were collected through a structured questionnaire from 100 pharmacy personnel, while qualitative data were gathered via semi-structured interviews with 10 key informants and observational checklists. Purposive sampling ensured the inclusion of participants with relevant expertise. Quantitative analysis, conducted using regression and correlation analysis in SPSS version 23, identified logistics activities, particularly warehousing, transportation and distribution, as significant predictors of supply chain performance (β = 0.55, p < 0.001). Conversely, the level of technology (β = 0.008, p = 0.946) and staff competency (β = 0.002, p = 0.983) did not show significant relationships, potentially due to systemic issues such as inadequate infrastructure and resource constraints. Qualitative findings revealed operational inefficiencies at ZAMMSA, weak internal inventory controls, and poor stakeholder communication. The absence of computerized inventory systems led to inaccuracies, difficulty tracking expiration dates, and increased staff workload. Thematic analysis highlighted proactive procurement practices, local supplier engagement, and alternative funding as strategies to mitigate supply limitations. The study emphasizes the critical role of robust logistics activities in ensuring an efficient pharmaceutical supply chain. It identifies significant challenges, including poor resource management and operational issues at both ZAMMSA and facility levels. Enhanced coordination, technology integration, and resource management are essential for improving supply chain performance and drug availability in Lusaka's public health facilities. Keywords: Level of Technology, Logistics Activities, Supply chain Performance