Investigating on the Human Rights Implications of Currency Depreciation; A Study on Zambia’s Recent Economic Challenges

Abstract

This dissertation critically examined the impact of Zambia’s Kwacha depreciation driven by external debt, copper price volatility, and the 2024 drought on socio-economic rights, particularly access to healthcare, housing, food, and education for vulnerable groups. Anchored in Articles 8, 10, and 112 of the Zambian Constitution and ICESCR obligations, the study revealed that a 4.6% currency decline (2024–2025) and 16.8% peak inflation have eroded purchasing power, deepened poverty, and disproportionately harmed women, children, and low-income households. Through qualitative desk research and comparative analysis (Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia), it exposes a critical gap: macroeconomic studies overlook direct human rights violations. Government austerity and weak social protection fail constitutional mandates, compounded by absent Human Rights Impact Assessments. The study recommends legal reforms (e.g., amending the Public Debt Management Act), shock-responsive safety nets, gender-responsive budgeting, and rights-aligned IFI engagement. By integrating human rights into economic governance, Zambia can safeguard dignity and advance Vision 2030 and SDGs amid fiscal instability.